Annex C (informative) Compatibility [diff]

Subclause [diff.cpp20] lists the differences between C++ and ISO C++ 2020 (ISO/IEC 14882:2020, Programming Languages — C++), by the chapters of this document.

Change: Previously valid identifiers containing characters not present in UAX #44 properties XID_Start or XID_Continue, or not in Normalization Form C, are now rejected.

Rationale: Prevent confusing characters in identifiers.

Requiring normalization of names ensures consistent linker behavior.

Effect on original feature: Some identifiers are no longer well-formed.

Change: Concatenated string-literals can no longer have conflicting encoding-prefixes.

Rationale: Removal of unimplemented conditionally-supported feature.

Effect on original feature: Concatenation of string-literals with different encoding-prefixes is now ill-formed.

For example: auto c = L"a" U"b"; // was conditionally-supported; now ill-formed

Change: Change move-eligible id-expressions from lvalues to xvalues.

Rationale: Simplify the rules for implicit move.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2020 code that relies on a returned id-expression's being an lvalue may change behavior or fail to compile.

For example: decltype(auto) f(int&& x) { return (x); } // returns int&&; previously returned int& int& g(int&& x) { return x; } // ill-formed; previously well-formed

Change: Change the meaning of comma in subscript expressions.

Rationale: Enable repurposing a deprecated syntax to support multidimensional indexing.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2020 code that uses a comma expression within a subscript expression may fail to compile.

For example: arr[1, 2] // was equivalent to arr[(1, 2)], // now equivalent to arr.operator[](1, 2) or ill-formed

Change: The lifetime of temporary objects in the for-range-initializer is extended until the end of the loop ([class.temporary]).

Rationale: Improve usability of the range-based for statement.

Effect on original feature: Destructors of some temporary objects are invoked later.

For example: void f() { std::vector<int> v = { 42, 17, 13 }; std::mutex m; for (int x : static_cast<void>(std::lock_guard<std::mutex>(m)), v) { // lock released in C++ 2020 std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(m); // OK in C++ 2020, now deadlocks } }

Change: UTF-8 string literals may initialize arrays of char or unsigned char.

Rationale: Compatibility with previously written code that conformed to previous versions of this document.

Effect on original feature: Arrays of char or unsigned char may now be initialized with a UTF-8 string literal.

This can affect initialization that includes arrays that are directly initialized within class types, typically aggregates.

For example: struct A { char8_t s[10]; }; struct B { char s[10]; }; void f(A); void f(B); int main() { f({u8""}); // ambiguous }

Change: Deducing template arguments from exception specifications.

Rationale: Facilitate generic handling of throwing and non-throwing functions.

Effect on original feature: Valid ISO C++ 2020 code may be ill-formed in this revision of C++.

For example: template<bool> struct A { }; template<bool B> void f(void (*)(A<B>) noexcept(B)); void g(A<false>) noexcept; void h() { f(g); // ill-formed; previously well-formed }

Change: New headers.

Rationale: New functionality.

Effect on original feature: The following C++ headers are new: <expected>, <flat_map>, <flat_set>, <generator>, <mdspan>, <print>, <spanstream>, <stacktrace>, <stdatomic.h>, and <stdfloat>.

Valid C++ 2020 code that #includes headers with these names may be invalid in this revision of C++.

Change: Replace common_reference_with in three_way_comparable_with, equality_comparable_with, and totally_ordered_with with an exposition-only concept.

Rationale: Allow uncopyable, but movable, types to model these concepts.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2020 code relying on subsumption with common_reference_with may fail to compile in this revision of C++.

For example: template<class T, class U> requires equality_comparable_with<T, U> bool attempted_equals(const T&, const U& u); // previously selected overload template<class T, class U> requires common_reference_with<const remove_reference_t<T>&, const remove_reference_t<U>&> bool attempted_equals(const T& t, const U& u); // ambiguous overload; previously // rejected by partial ordering bool test(shared_ptr<int> p) { return attempted_equals(p, nullptr); // ill-formed; previously well-formed }

Change: Forbid partial and explicit program-defined specializations of allocator_traits.

Rationale: Allow addition of allocate_at_least to allocator_traits, and potentially other members in the future.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2020 code that partially or explicitly specializes allocator_traits is ill-formed with no diagnostic required in this revision of C++.

Change: Signature changes: format, format_to, vformat_to, format_to_n, formatted_size.

Removal of format_args_t.

Rationale: Improve safety via compile-time format string checks, avoid unnecessary template instantiations.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2020 code that contained errors in format strings or relied on previous format string signatures or format_args_t may become ill-formed.

For example: auto s = std::format("{:d}", "I am not a number"); // ill-formed, // previously threw format_error

Change: Signature changes: format, format_to, format_to_n, formatted_size.

Rationale: Enable formatting of views that do not support iteration when const-qualified and that are not copyable.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2020 code that passes bit-fields to formatting functions may become ill-formed.

For example: struct tiny { int bit: 1; }; auto t = tiny(); std::format("{}", t.bit); // ill-formed, previously returned "0"

Change: Restrict types of formatting arguments used as width or precision in a std-format-spec.

Rationale: Disallow types that do not have useful or portable semantics as a formatting width or precision.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2020 code that passes a boolean or character type as arg-id becomes invalid.

For example: std::format("{:*^{}}", "", true); // ill-formed, previously returned "*" std::format("{:*^{}}", "", '1'); // ill-formed, previously returned an // implementation-defined number of '*' characters

Change: Removed the formatter specialization: template<size_t N> struct formatter<const charT[N], charT>;

Rationale: The specialization is inconsistent with the design of formatter, which is intended to be instantiated only with cv-unqualified object types.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2020 code that instantiated the removed specialization can become ill-formed.

Change: Additional rvalue overload for the substr member function and the corresponding constructor.

Rationale: Improve efficiency of operations on rvalues.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2020 code that created a substring by calling substr (or the corresponding constructor) on an xvalue expression with type S that is a specialization of basic_string may change meaning in this revision of C++.

For example: std::string s1 = "some long string that forces allocation", s2 = s1; std::move(s1).substr(10, 5); assert(s1 == s2); // unspecified, previously guaranteed to be true std::string s3(std::move(s2), 10, 5); assert(s1 == s2); // unspecified, previously guaranteed to be true

Change: Heterogeneous extract and erase overloads for associative containers.

Rationale: Improve efficiency of erasing elements from associative containers.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2020 code may fail to compile in this revision of C++.

For example: struct B { auto operator<=>(const B&) const = default; }; struct D : private B { void f(std::set<B, std::less<>>& s) { s.erase(*this); // ill-formed; previously well-formed } };

Change: In this revision of C++, it is implementation-defined whether a barrier's phase completion step runs if no thread calls wait.

Previously the phase completion step was guaranteed to run on the last thread that calls arrive or arrive_and_drop during the phase.

In this revision of C++, it can run on any of the threads that arrived or waited at the barrier during the phase.

Rationale: Correct contradictory wording and improve implementation flexibility for performance.

Effect on original feature: Valid C++ 2020 code using a barrier might have different semantics in this revision of C++ if it depends on a completion function's side effects occurring exactly once, on a specific thread running the phase completion step, or on a completion function's side effects occurring without wait having been called.

For example: auto b0 = std::barrier(1); b0.arrive(); b0.arrive(); // implementation-defined; previously well-defined int data = 0; auto b1 = std::barrier(1, [&] { data++; }); b1.arrive(); assert(data == 1); // implementation-defined; previously well-defined b1.arrive(); // implementation-defined; previously well-defined