20 Memory management library [mem]

20.1 General [mem.general]

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This Clause describes components for memory management.
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The following subclauses describe general memory management facilities, smart pointers, memory resources, and scoped allocators, as summarized in Table 43.
Table 43: Memory management library summary [tab:mem.summary]
Subclause
Header
Memory
<cstdlib>, <memory>
Smart pointers
<memory>
Memory resources
<memory_resource>
Scoped allocators
<scoped_allocator>

20.2 Memory [memory]

20.2.1 In general [memory.general]

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Subclause [memory] describes the contents of the header <memory> and some of the contents of the header <cstdlib>.

20.2.2 Header <memory> synopsis [memory.syn]

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The header <memory> defines several types and function templates that describe properties of pointers and pointer-like types, manage memory for containers and other template types, destroy objects, and construct objects in uninitialized memory buffers ([pointer.traits]–[specialized.addressof] and [specialized.algorithms]).
The header also defines the templates unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr, out_ptr_t, inout_ptr_t, and various function templates that operate on objects of these types ([smartptr]).
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Let POINTER_OF(T) denote a type that is
  • (2.1)
    T​::​pointer if the qualified-id T​::​pointer is valid and denotes a type,
  • (2.2)
    otherwise, T​::​element_type* if the qualified-id T​::​element_type is valid and denotes a type,
  • (2.3)
    otherwise, pointer_traits<T>​::​element_type*.
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Let POINTER_OF_OR(T, U) denote a type that is:
  • (3.1)
    POINTER_OF(T) if POINTER_OF(T) is valid and denotes a type,
  • (3.2)
    otherwise, U.
#include <compare> // see [compare.syn] namespace std { // [pointer.traits], pointer traits template<class Ptr> struct pointer_traits; // freestanding template<class T> struct pointer_traits<T*>; // freestanding // [pointer.conversion], pointer conversion template<class T> constexpr T* to_address(T* p) noexcept; // freestanding template<class Ptr> constexpr auto to_address(const Ptr& p) noexcept; // freestanding // [ptr.align], pointer alignment void* align(size_t alignment, size_t size, void*& ptr, size_t& space); // freestanding template<size_t N, class T> [[nodiscard]] constexpr T* assume_aligned(T* ptr); // freestanding // [obj.lifetime], explicit lifetime management template<class T> T* start_lifetime_as(void* p) noexcept; // freestanding template<class T> const T* start_lifetime_as(const void* p) noexcept; // freestanding template<class T> volatile T* start_lifetime_as(volatile void* p) noexcept; // freestanding template<class T> const volatile T* start_lifetime_as(const volatile void* p) noexcept; // freestanding template<class T> T* start_lifetime_as_array(void* p, size_t n) noexcept; // freestanding template<class T> const T* start_lifetime_as_array(const void* p, size_t n) noexcept; // freestanding template<class T> volatile T* start_lifetime_as_array(volatile void* p, size_t n) noexcept; // freestanding template<class T> const volatile T* start_lifetime_as_array(const volatile void* p, // freestanding size_t n) noexcept; // [allocator.tag], allocator argument tag struct allocator_arg_t { explicit allocator_arg_t() = default; }; // freestanding inline constexpr allocator_arg_t allocator_arg{}; // freestanding // [allocator.uses], uses_allocator template<class T, class Alloc> struct uses_allocator; // freestanding // [allocator.uses.trait], uses_allocator template<class T, class Alloc> constexpr bool uses_allocator_v = uses_allocator<T, Alloc>::value; // freestanding // [allocator.uses.construction], uses-allocator construction template<class T, class Alloc, class... Args> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, // freestanding Args&&... args) noexcept; template<class T, class Alloc, class Tuple1, class Tuple2> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, // freestanding piecewise_construct_t, Tuple1&& x, Tuple2&& y) noexcept; template<class T, class Alloc> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc) noexcept; // freestanding template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, // freestanding U&& u, V&& v) noexcept; template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, // freestanding pair<U, V>& pr) noexcept; template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, // freestanding const pair<U, V>& pr) noexcept; template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, // freestanding pair<U, V>&& pr) noexcept; template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, // freestanding const pair<U, V>&& pr) noexcept; template<class T, class Alloc, pair-like P> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, // freestanding P&& p) noexcept; template<class T, class Alloc, class U> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, // freestanding U&& u) noexcept; template<class T, class Alloc, class... Args> constexpr T make_obj_using_allocator(const Alloc& alloc, Args&&... args); // freestanding template<class T, class Alloc, class... Args> constexpr T* uninitialized_construct_using_allocator(T* p, // freestanding const Alloc& alloc, Args&&... args); // [allocator.traits], allocator traits template<class Alloc> struct allocator_traits; // freestanding template<class Pointer, class SizeType = size_t> struct allocation_result { // freestanding Pointer ptr; SizeType count; }; // [default.allocator], the default allocator template<class T> class allocator; template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator==(const allocator<T>&, const allocator<U>&) noexcept; // [specialized.addressof], addressof template<class T> constexpr T* addressof(T& r) noexcept; // freestanding template<class T> const T* addressof(const T&&) = delete; // freestanding // [specialized.algorithms], specialized algorithms // [special.mem.concepts], special memory concepts template<class I> concept nothrow-input-iterator = see below; // exposition only template<class I> concept nothrow-forward-iterator = see below; // exposition only template<class S, class I> concept nothrow-sentinel-for = see below; // exposition only template<class R> concept nothrow-input-range = see below; // exposition only template<class R> concept nothrow-forward-range = see below; // exposition only template<class NoThrowForwardIterator> void uninitialized_default_construct(NoThrowForwardIterator first, // freestanding NoThrowForwardIterator last); template<class ExecutionPolicy, class NoThrowForwardIterator> void uninitialized_default_construct(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, // see [algorithms.parallel.overloads] NoThrowForwardIterator first, NoThrowForwardIterator last); template<class NoThrowForwardIterator, class Size> NoThrowForwardIterator uninitialized_default_construct_n(NoThrowForwardIterator first, Size n); // freestanding template<class ExecutionPolicy, class NoThrowForwardIterator, class Size> NoThrowForwardIterator uninitialized_default_construct_n(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, // see [algorithms.parallel.overloads] NoThrowForwardIterator first, Size n); namespace ranges { template<nothrow-forward-iterator I, nothrow-sentinel-for<I> S> requires default_initializable<iter_value_t<I>> I uninitialized_default_construct(I first, S last); // freestanding template<nothrow-forward-range R> requires default_initializable<range_value_t<R>> borrowed_iterator_t<R> uninitialized_default_construct(R&& r); // freestanding template<nothrow-forward-iterator I> requires default_initializable<iter_value_t<I>> I uninitialized_default_construct_n(I first, iter_difference_t<I> n); // freestanding } template<class NoThrowForwardIterator> void uninitialized_value_construct(NoThrowForwardIterator first, // freestanding NoThrowForwardIterator last); template<class ExecutionPolicy, class NoThrowForwardIterator> void uninitialized_value_construct(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, // see [algorithms.parallel.overloads] NoThrowForwardIterator first, NoThrowForwardIterator last); template<class NoThrowForwardIterator, class Size> NoThrowForwardIterator uninitialized_value_construct_n(NoThrowForwardIterator first, Size n); // freestanding template<class ExecutionPolicy, class NoThrowForwardIterator, class Size> NoThrowForwardIterator uninitialized_value_construct_n(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, // see [algorithms.parallel.overloads] NoThrowForwardIterator first, Size n); namespace ranges { template<nothrow-forward-iterator I, nothrow-sentinel-for<I> S> requires default_initializable<iter_value_t<I>> I uninitialized_value_construct(I first, S last); // freestanding template<nothrow-forward-range R> requires default_initializable<range_value_t<R>> borrowed_iterator_t<R> uninitialized_value_construct(R&& r); // freestanding template<nothrow-forward-iterator I> requires default_initializable<iter_value_t<I>> I uninitialized_value_construct_n(I first, iter_difference_t<I> n); // freestanding } template<class InputIterator, class NoThrowForwardIterator> NoThrowForwardIterator uninitialized_copy(InputIterator first, // freestanding InputIterator last, NoThrowForwardIterator result); template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator, class NoThrowForwardIterator> NoThrowForwardIterator uninitialized_copy(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, // see [algorithms.parallel.overloads] ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, NoThrowForwardIterator result); template<class InputIterator, class Size, class NoThrowForwardIterator> NoThrowForwardIterator uninitialized_copy_n(InputIterator first, Size n, // freestanding NoThrowForwardIterator result); template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator, class Size, class NoThrowForwardIterator> NoThrowForwardIterator uninitialized_copy_n(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, // see [algorithms.parallel.overloads] ForwardIterator first, Size n, NoThrowForwardIterator result); namespace ranges { template<class I, class O> using uninitialized_copy_result = in_out_result<I, O>; // freestanding template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S1, nothrow-forward-iterator O, nothrow-sentinel-for<O> S2> requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<O>, iter_reference_t<I>> uninitialized_copy_result<I, O> uninitialized_copy(I ifirst, S1 ilast, O ofirst, S2 olast); // freestanding template<input_range IR, nothrow-forward-range OR> requires constructible_from<range_value_t<OR>, range_reference_t<IR>> uninitialized_copy_result<borrowed_iterator_t<IR>, borrowed_iterator_t<OR>> uninitialized_copy(IR&& in_range, OR&& out_range); // freestanding template<class I, class O> using uninitialized_copy_n_result = in_out_result<I, O>; // freestanding template<input_iterator I, nothrow-forward-iterator O, nothrow-sentinel-for<O> S> requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<O>, iter_reference_t<I>> uninitialized_copy_n_result<I, O> uninitialized_copy_n(I ifirst, iter_difference_t<I> n, // freestanding O ofirst, S olast); } template<class InputIterator, class NoThrowForwardIterator> NoThrowForwardIterator uninitialized_move(InputIterator first, // freestanding InputIterator last, NoThrowForwardIterator result); template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator, class NoThrowForwardIterator> NoThrowForwardIterator uninitialized_move(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, // see [algorithms.parallel.overloads] ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, NoThrowForwardIterator result); template<class InputIterator, class Size, class NoThrowForwardIterator> pair<InputIterator, NoThrowForwardIterator> uninitialized_move_n(InputIterator first, Size n, // freestanding NoThrowForwardIterator result); template<class ExecutionPolicy, class ForwardIterator, class Size, class NoThrowForwardIterator> pair<ForwardIterator, NoThrowForwardIterator> uninitialized_move_n(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, // see [algorithms.parallel.overloads] ForwardIterator first, Size n, NoThrowForwardIterator result); namespace ranges { template<class I, class O> using uninitialized_move_result = in_out_result<I, O>; // freestanding template<input_iterator I, sentinel_for<I> S1, nothrow-forward-iterator O, nothrow-sentinel-for<O> S2> requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<O>, iter_rvalue_reference_t<I>> uninitialized_move_result<I, O> uninitialized_move(I ifirst, S1 ilast, O ofirst, S2 olast); // freestanding template<input_range IR, nothrow-forward-range OR> requires constructible_from<range_value_t<OR>, range_rvalue_reference_t<IR>> uninitialized_move_result<borrowed_iterator_t<IR>, borrowed_iterator_t<OR>> uninitialized_move(IR&& in_range, OR&& out_range); // freestanding template<class I, class O> using uninitialized_move_n_result = in_out_result<I, O>; // freestanding template<input_iterator I, nothrow-forward-iterator O, nothrow-sentinel-for<O> S> requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<O>, iter_rvalue_reference_t<I>> uninitialized_move_n_result<I, O> uninitialized_move_n(I ifirst, iter_difference_t<I> n, // freestanding O ofirst, S olast); } template<class NoThrowForwardIterator, class T> void uninitialized_fill(NoThrowForwardIterator first, // freestanding NoThrowForwardIterator last, const T& x); template<class ExecutionPolicy, class NoThrowForwardIterator, class T> void uninitialized_fill(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, // see [algorithms.parallel.overloads] NoThrowForwardIterator first, NoThrowForwardIterator last, const T& x); template<class NoThrowForwardIterator, class Size, class T> NoThrowForwardIterator uninitialized_fill_n(NoThrowForwardIterator first, Size n, const T& x); // freestanding template<class ExecutionPolicy, class NoThrowForwardIterator, class Size, class T> NoThrowForwardIterator uninitialized_fill_n(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, // see [algorithms.parallel.overloads] NoThrowForwardIterator first, Size n, const T& x); namespace ranges { template<nothrow-forward-iterator I, nothrow-sentinel-for<I> S, class T> requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<I>, const T&> I uninitialized_fill(I first, S last, const T& x); // freestanding template<nothrow-forward-range R, class T> requires constructible_from<range_value_t<R>, const T&> borrowed_iterator_t<R> uninitialized_fill(R&& r, const T& x); // freestanding template<nothrow-forward-iterator I, class T> requires constructible_from<iter_value_t<I>, const T&> I uninitialized_fill_n(I first, iter_difference_t<I> n, const T& x); // freestanding } // [specialized.construct], construct_at template<class T, class... Args> constexpr T* construct_at(T* location, Args&&... args); // freestanding namespace ranges { template<class T, class... Args> constexpr T* construct_at(T* location, Args&&... args); // freestanding } // [specialized.destroy], destroy template<class T> constexpr void destroy_at(T* location); // freestanding template<class NoThrowForwardIterator> constexpr void destroy(NoThrowForwardIterator first, // freestanding NoThrowForwardIterator last); template<class ExecutionPolicy, class NoThrowForwardIterator> void destroy(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, // see [algorithms.parallel.overloads] NoThrowForwardIterator first, NoThrowForwardIterator last); template<class NoThrowForwardIterator, class Size> constexpr NoThrowForwardIterator destroy_n(NoThrowForwardIterator first, // freestanding Size n); template<class ExecutionPolicy, class NoThrowForwardIterator, class Size> NoThrowForwardIterator destroy_n(ExecutionPolicy&& exec, // see [algorithms.parallel.overloads] NoThrowForwardIterator first, Size n); namespace ranges { template<destructible T> constexpr void destroy_at(T* location) noexcept; // freestanding template<nothrow-input-iterator I, nothrow-sentinel-for<I> S> requires destructible<iter_value_t<I>> constexpr I destroy(I first, S last) noexcept; // freestanding template<nothrow-input-range R> requires destructible<range_value_t<R>> constexpr borrowed_iterator_t<R> destroy(R&& r) noexcept; // freestanding template<nothrow-input-iterator I> requires destructible<iter_value_t<I>> constexpr I destroy_n(I first, iter_difference_t<I> n) noexcept; // freestanding } // [unique.ptr], class template unique_ptr template<class T> struct default_delete; // freestanding template<class T> struct default_delete<T[]>; // freestanding template<class T, class D = default_delete<T>> class unique_ptr; // freestanding template<class T, class D> class unique_ptr<T[], D>; // freestanding template<class T, class... Args> constexpr unique_ptr<T> make_unique(Args&&... args); // T is not array template<class T> constexpr unique_ptr<T> make_unique(size_t n); // T is U[] template<class T, class... Args> unspecified make_unique(Args&&...) = delete; // T is U[N] template<class T> constexpr unique_ptr<T> make_unique_for_overwrite(); // T is not array template<class T> constexpr unique_ptr<T> make_unique_for_overwrite(size_t n); // T is U[] template<class T, class... Args> unspecified make_unique_for_overwrite(Args&&...) = delete; // T is U[N] template<class T, class D> constexpr void swap(unique_ptr<T, D>& x, unique_ptr<T, D>& y) noexcept; // freestanding template<class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2> constexpr bool operator==(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, // freestanding const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y); template<class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2> bool operator<(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y); // freestanding template<class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2> bool operator>(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y); // freestanding template<class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2> bool operator<=(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y); // freestanding template<class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2> bool operator>=(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y); // freestanding template<class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2> requires three_way_comparable_with<typename unique_ptr<T1, D1>::pointer, typename unique_ptr<T2, D2>::pointer> compare_three_way_result_t<typename unique_ptr<T1, D1>::pointer, typename unique_ptr<T2, D2>::pointer> operator<=>(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y); // freestanding template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator==(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept; // freestanding template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator<(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t); // freestanding template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator<(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y); // freestanding template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator>(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t); // freestanding template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator>(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y); // freestanding template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator<=(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t); // freestanding template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator<=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y); // freestanding template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator>=(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t); // freestanding template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator>=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& y); // freestanding template<class T, class D> requires three_way_comparable<typename unique_ptr<T, D>::pointer> constexpr compare_three_way_result_t<typename unique_ptr<T, D>::pointer> operator<=>(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t); // freestanding template<class E, class T, class Y, class D> basic_ostream<E, T>& operator<<(basic_ostream<E, T>& os, const unique_ptr<Y, D>& p); // [util.smartptr.weak.bad], class bad_weak_ptr class bad_weak_ptr; // [util.smartptr.shared], class template shared_ptr template<class T> class shared_ptr; // [util.smartptr.shared.create], shared_ptr creation template<class T, class... Args> shared_ptr<T> make_shared(Args&&... args); // T is not array template<class T, class A, class... Args> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, Args&&... args); // T is not array template<class T> shared_ptr<T> make_shared(size_t N); // T is U[] template<class T, class A> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, size_t N); // T is U[] template<class T> shared_ptr<T> make_shared(); // T is U[N] template<class T, class A> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a); // T is U[N] template<class T> shared_ptr<T> make_shared(size_t N, const remove_extent_t<T>& u); // T is U[] template<class T, class A> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, size_t N, const remove_extent_t<T>& u); // T is U[] template<class T> shared_ptr<T> make_shared(const remove_extent_t<T>& u); // T is U[N] template<class T, class A> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, const remove_extent_t<T>& u); // T is U[N] template<class T> shared_ptr<T> make_shared_for_overwrite(); // T is not U[] template<class T, class A> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared_for_overwrite(const A& a); // T is not U[] template<class T> shared_ptr<T> make_shared_for_overwrite(size_t N); // T is U[] template<class T, class A> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared_for_overwrite(const A& a, size_t N); // T is U[] // [util.smartptr.shared.cmp], shared_ptr comparisons template<class T, class U> bool operator==(const shared_ptr<T>& a, const shared_ptr<U>& b) noexcept; template<class T, class U> strong_ordering operator<=>(const shared_ptr<T>& a, const shared_ptr<U>& b) noexcept; template<class T> bool operator==(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept; template<class T> strong_ordering operator<=>(const shared_ptr<T>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept; // [util.smartptr.shared.spec], shared_ptr specialized algorithms template<class T> void swap(shared_ptr<T>& a, shared_ptr<T>& b) noexcept; // [util.smartptr.shared.cast], shared_ptr casts template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> static_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<U>& r) noexcept; template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> static_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U>&& r) noexcept; template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> dynamic_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<U>& r) noexcept; template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> dynamic_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U>&& r) noexcept; template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> const_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<U>& r) noexcept; template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> const_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U>&& r) noexcept; template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> reinterpret_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<U>& r) noexcept; template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> reinterpret_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U>&& r) noexcept; // [util.smartptr.getdeleter], shared_ptr get_deleter template<class D, class T> D* get_deleter(const shared_ptr<T>& p) noexcept; // [util.smartptr.shared.io], shared_ptr I/O template<class E, class T, class Y> basic_ostream<E, T>& operator<<(basic_ostream<E, T>& os, const shared_ptr<Y>& p); // [util.smartptr.weak], class template weak_ptr template<class T> class weak_ptr; // [util.smartptr.weak.spec], weak_ptr specialized algorithms template<class T> void swap(weak_ptr<T>& a, weak_ptr<T>& b) noexcept; // [util.smartptr.ownerless], class template owner_less template<class T = void> struct owner_less; // [util.smartptr.owner.hash], struct owner_hash struct owner_hash; // [util.smartptr.owner.equal], struct owner_equal struct owner_equal; // [util.smartptr.enab], class template enable_shared_from_this template<class T> class enable_shared_from_this; // [util.smartptr.hash], hash support template<class T> struct hash; // freestanding template<class T, class D> struct hash<unique_ptr<T, D>>; // freestanding template<class T> struct hash<shared_ptr<T>>; // [util.smartptr.atomic], atomic smart pointers template<class T> struct atomic; // freestanding template<class T> struct atomic<shared_ptr<T>>; template<class T> struct atomic<weak_ptr<T>>; // [out.ptr.t], class template out_ptr_t template<class Smart, class Pointer, class... Args> class out_ptr_t; // freestanding // [out.ptr], function template out_ptr template<class Pointer = void, class Smart, class... Args> auto out_ptr(Smart& s, Args&&... args); // freestanding // [inout.ptr.t], class template inout_ptr_t template<class Smart, class Pointer, class... Args> class inout_ptr_t; // freestanding // [inout.ptr], function template inout_ptr template<class Pointer = void, class Smart, class... Args> auto inout_ptr(Smart& s, Args&&... args); // freestanding }

20.2.3 Pointer traits [pointer.traits]

20.2.3.1 General [pointer.traits.general]

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The class template pointer_traits supplies a uniform interface to certain attributes of pointer-like types.
🔗
namespace std { template<class Ptr> struct pointer_traits { see below; }; template<class T> struct pointer_traits<T*> { using pointer = T*; using element_type = T; using difference_type = ptrdiff_t; template<class U> using rebind = U*; static constexpr pointer pointer_to(see below r) noexcept; }; }

20.2.3.2 Member types [pointer.traits.types]

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The definitions in this subclause make use of the following exposition-only class template and concept: template<class T> struct ptr-traits-elem // exposition only { }; template<class T> requires requires { typename T::element_type; } struct ptr-traits-elem<T> { using type = typename T::element_type; }; template<template<class...> class SomePointer, class T, class... Args> requires (!requires { typename SomePointer<T, Args...>::element_type; }) struct ptr-traits-elem<SomePointer<T, Args...>> { using type = T; }; template<class Ptr> concept has-elem-type = // exposition only requires { typename ptr-traits-elem<Ptr>::type; }
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If Ptr satisfies has-elem-type, a specialization pointer_traits<Ptr> generated from the pointer_traits primary template has the following members as well as those described in [pointer.traits.functions]; otherwise, such a specialization has no members by any of those names.
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using pointer = see below;
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Type: Ptr.
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using element_type = see below;
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Type: typename ptr-traits-elem<Ptr>​::​type.
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using difference_type = see below;
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Type: Ptr​::​difference_type if the qualified-id Ptr​::​difference_type is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]); otherwise, ptrdiff_t.
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template<class U> using rebind = see below;
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Alias template: Ptr​::​rebind<U> if the qualified-id Ptr​::​rebind<U> is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]); otherwise, SomePointer<U, Args> if Ptr is a class template instantiation of the form SomePointer<T, Args>, where Args is zero or more type arguments; otherwise, the instantiation of rebind is ill-formed.

20.2.3.3 Member functions [pointer.traits.functions]

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static pointer pointer_traits::pointer_to(see below r); static constexpr pointer pointer_traits<T*>::pointer_to(see below r) noexcept;
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Mandates: For the first member function, Ptr​::​pointer_to(r) is well-formed.
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Preconditions: For the first member function, Ptr​::​pointer_to(r) returns a pointer to r through which indirection is valid.
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Returns: The first member function returns Ptr​::​pointer_to(r).
The second member function returns addressof(r).
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Remarks: If element_type is cv void, the type of r is unspecified; otherwise, it is element_type&.

20.2.3.4 Optional members [pointer.traits.optmem]

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#
Specializations of pointer_traits may define the member declared in this subclause to customize the behavior of the standard library.
A specialization generated from the pointer_traits primary template has no member by this name.
🔗
static element_type* to_address(pointer p) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: A pointer of type element_type* that references the same location as the argument p.
3
#
[Note 1: 
This function is intended to be the inverse of pointer_to.
If defined, it customizes the behavior of the non-member function to_address ([pointer.conversion]).
— end note]

20.2.4 Pointer conversion [pointer.conversion]

🔗
template<class T> constexpr T* to_address(T* p) noexcept;
1
#
Mandates: T is not a function type.
2
#
Returns: p.
🔗
template<class Ptr> constexpr auto to_address(const Ptr& p) noexcept;
3
#
Returns: pointer_traits<Ptr>​::​to_address(p) if that expression is well-formed (see [pointer.traits.optmem]), otherwise to_address(p.operator->()).

20.2.5 Pointer alignment [ptr.align]

🔗
void* align(size_t alignment, size_t size, void*& ptr, size_t& space);
1
#
Preconditions:
  • (1.1)
    alignment is a power of two
  • (1.2)
    ptr represents the address of contiguous storage of at least space bytes
2
#
Effects: If it is possible to fit size bytes of storage aligned by alignment into the buffer pointed to by ptr with length space, the function updates ptr to represent the first possible address of such storage and decreases space by the number of bytes used for alignment.
Otherwise, the function does nothing.
3
#
Returns: A null pointer if the requested aligned buffer would not fit into the available space, otherwise the adjusted value of ptr.
4
#
[Note 1: 
The function updates its ptr and space arguments so that it can be called repeatedly with possibly different alignment and size arguments for the same buffer.
— end note]
🔗
template<size_t N, class T> [[nodiscard]] constexpr T* assume_aligned(T* ptr);
5
#
Mandates: N is a power of two.
6
#
Preconditions: ptr points to an object X of a type similar ([conv.qual]) to T, where X has alignment N ([basic.align]).
7
#
Returns: ptr.
8
#
Throws: Nothing.
9
#
[Note 2: 
The alignment assumption on an object X expressed by a call to assume_aligned might result in generation of more efficient code.
It is up to the program to ensure that the assumption actually holds.
The call does not cause the implementation to verify or enforce this.
An implementation might only make the assumption for those operations on X that access X through the pointer returned by assume_aligned.
— end note]

20.2.6 Explicit lifetime management [obj.lifetime]

🔗
template<class T> T* start_lifetime_as(void* p) noexcept; template<class T> const T* start_lifetime_as(const void* p) noexcept; template<class T> volatile T* start_lifetime_as(volatile void* p) noexcept; template<class T> const volatile T* start_lifetime_as(const volatile void* p) noexcept;
1
#
Mandates: T is an implicit-lifetime type ([basic.types.general]) and not an incomplete type ([basic.types.general]).
2
#
Preconditions: [p, (char*)p + sizeof(T)) denotes a region of allocated storage that is a subset of the region of storage reachable through ([basic.compound]) p and suitably aligned for the type T.
3
#
Effects: Implicitly creates objects ([intro.object]) within the denoted region consisting of an object a of type T whose address is p, and objects nested within a, as follows: The object representation of a is the contents of the storage prior to the call to start_lifetime_as.
The value of each created object o of trivially copyable type ([basic.types.general]) U is determined in the same manner as for a call to bit_cast<U>(E) ([bit.cast]), where E is an lvalue of type U denoting o, except that the storage is not accessed.
The value of any other created object is unspecified.
[Note 1: 
The unspecified value can be indeterminate.
— end note]
4
#
Returns: A pointer to the a defined in the Effects paragraph.
🔗
template<class T> T* start_lifetime_as_array(void* p, size_t n) noexcept; template<class T> const T* start_lifetime_as_array(const void* p, size_t n) noexcept; template<class T> volatile T* start_lifetime_as_array(volatile void* p, size_t n) noexcept; template<class T> const volatile T* start_lifetime_as_array(const volatile void* p, size_t n) noexcept;
5
#
Mandates: T is a complete type.
6
#
Preconditions: p is suitably aligned for an array of T or is null.
n <= size_t(-1) / sizeof(T) is true.
If n > 0 is true, [(char*)p, (char*)p + (n * sizeof(T))) denotes a region of allocated storage that is a subset of the region of storage reachable through ([basic.compound]) p.
7
#
Effects: If n > 0 is true, equivalent to start_lifetime_as<U>(p) where U is the type “array of n T”.
Otherwise, there are no effects.
8
#
Returns: A pointer to the first element of the created array, if any; otherwise, a pointer that compares equal to p ([expr.eq]).

20.2.7 Allocator argument tag [allocator.tag]

🔗
namespace std { struct allocator_arg_t { explicit allocator_arg_t() = default; }; inline constexpr allocator_arg_t allocator_arg{}; }
1
#
The allocator_arg_t struct is an empty class type used as a unique type to disambiguate constructor and function overloading.
Specifically, several types (see tuple [tuple]) have constructors with allocator_arg_t as the first argument, immediately followed by an argument of a type that meets the Cpp17Allocator requirements ([allocator.requirements.general]).

20.2.8 uses_allocator [allocator.uses]

20.2.8.1 uses_allocator trait [allocator.uses.trait]

🔗
template<class T, class Alloc> struct uses_allocator;
1
#
Remarks: Automatically detects whether T has a nested allocator_type that is convertible from Alloc.
Meets the Cpp17BinaryTypeTrait requirements ([meta.rqmts]).
The implementation shall provide a definition that is derived from true_type if the qualified-id T​::​allocator_type is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]) and is_convertible_v<Alloc, T​::​allocator_type> != false, otherwise it shall be derived from false_type.
A program may specialize this template to derive from true_type for a program-defined type T that does not have a nested allocator_type but nonetheless can be constructed with an allocator where either:
  • (1.1)
    the first argument of a constructor has type allocator_arg_t and the second argument has type Alloc or
  • (1.2)
    the last argument of a constructor has type Alloc.

20.2.8.2 Uses-allocator construction [allocator.uses.construction]

1
#
Uses-allocator construction with allocator alloc and constructor arguments args... refers to the construction of an object of type T such that alloc is passed to the constructor of T if T uses an allocator type compatible with alloc.
When applied to the construction of an object of type T, it is equivalent to initializing it with the value of the expression make_obj_using_allocator<T>(alloc, args...), described below.
2
#
The following utility functions support three conventions for passing alloc to a constructor:
  • (2.1)
    If T does not use an allocator compatible with alloc, then alloc is ignored.
  • (2.2)
    Otherwise, if T has a constructor invocable as T(allocator_arg, alloc, args...) (leading-allocator convention), then uses-allocator construction chooses this constructor form.
  • (2.3)
    Otherwise, if T has a constructor invocable as T(args..., alloc) (trailing-allocator convention), then uses-allocator construction chooses this constructor form.
3
#
The uses_allocator_construction_args function template takes an allocator and argument list and produces (as a tuple) a new argument list matching one of the above conventions.
Additionally, overloads are provided that treat specializations of pair such that uses-allocator construction is applied individually to the first and second data members.
The make_obj_using_allocator and uninitialized_construct_using_allocator function templates apply the modified constructor arguments to construct an object of type T as a return value or in-place, respectively.
[Note 1: 
For uses_allocator_construction_args and make_obj_using_allocator, type T is not deduced and must therefore be specified explicitly by the caller.
— end note]
🔗
template<class T, class Alloc, class... Args> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, Args&&... args) noexcept;
4
#
Constraints: remove_cv_t<T> is not a specialization of pair.
5
#
Returns: A tuple value determined as follows:
  • (5.1)
    If uses_allocator_v<remove_cv_t<T>, Alloc> is false and is_constructible_v<T,
    Args...>     is true, return forward_as_tuple(std​::​forward<Args>(args)...).
  • (5.2)
    Otherwise, if uses_allocator_v<remove_cv_t<T>, Alloc> is true and is_constructible_v<T, allocator_arg_t, const Alloc&, Args...> is true, return tuple<allocator_arg_t, const Alloc&, Args&&...>( allocator_arg, alloc, std::forward<Args>(args)...)
  • (5.3)
    Otherwise, if uses_allocator_v<remove_cv_t<T>, Alloc> is true and is_constructible_v<T, Args..., const Alloc&> is true, return forward_as_tuple(std​::​forward<Args>(args)..., alloc).
  • (5.4)
    Otherwise, the program is ill-formed.
[Note 2: 
This definition prevents a silent failure to pass the allocator to a constructor of a type for which uses_allocator_v<T, Alloc> is true.
— end note]
🔗
template<class T, class Alloc, class Tuple1, class Tuple2> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, piecewise_construct_t, Tuple1&& x, Tuple2&& y) noexcept;
6
#
Let T1 be T​::​first_type.
Let T2 be T​::​second_type.
7
#
Constraints: remove_cv_t<T> is a specialization of pair.
8
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return make_tuple( piecewise_construct, apply([&alloc](auto&&... args1) { return uses_allocator_construction_args<T1>( alloc, std::forward<decltype(args1)>(args1)...); }, std::forward<Tuple1>(x)), apply([&alloc](auto&&... args2) { return uses_allocator_construction_args<T2>( alloc, std::forward<decltype(args2)>(args2)...); }, std::forward<Tuple2>(y)));
🔗
template<class T, class Alloc> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc) noexcept;
9
#
Constraints: remove_cv_t<T> is a specialization of pair.
10
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return uses_allocator_construction_args<T>(alloc, piecewise_construct, tuple<>{}, tuple<>{});
🔗
template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, U&& u, V&& v) noexcept;
11
#
Constraints: remove_cv_t<T> is a specialization of pair.
12
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return uses_allocator_construction_args<T>(alloc, piecewise_construct, forward_as_tuple(std::forward<U>(u)), forward_as_tuple(std::forward<V>(v)));
🔗
template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, pair<U, V>& pr) noexcept; template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, const pair<U, V>& pr) noexcept;
13
#
Constraints: remove_cv_t<T> is a specialization of pair.
14
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return uses_allocator_construction_args<T>(alloc, piecewise_construct, forward_as_tuple(pr.first), forward_as_tuple(pr.second));
🔗
template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, pair<U, V>&& pr) noexcept; template<class T, class Alloc, class U, class V> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, const pair<U, V>&& pr) noexcept;
15
#
Constraints: remove_cv_t<T> is a specialization of pair.
16
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return uses_allocator_construction_args<T>(alloc, piecewise_construct, forward_as_tuple(get<0>(std::move(pr))), forward_as_tuple(get<1>(std::move(pr))));
🔗
template<class T, class Alloc, pair-like P> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, P&& p) noexcept;
17
#
Constraints: remove_cv_t<T> is a specialization of pair and remove_cvref_t<P> is not a specialization of ranges​::​subrange.
18
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return uses_allocator_construction_args<T>(alloc, piecewise_construct, forward_as_tuple(get<0>(std::forward<P>(p))), forward_as_tuple(get<1>(std::forward<P>(p))));
🔗
template<class T, class Alloc, class U> constexpr auto uses_allocator_construction_args(const Alloc& alloc, U&& u) noexcept;
19
#
Let FUN be the function template: template<class A, class B> void FUN(const pair<A, B>&);
20
#
Constraints: remove_cv_t<T> is a specialization of pair, and either:
  • (20.1)
    remove_cvref_t<U> is a specialization of ranges​::​subrange, or
  • (20.2)
    U does not satisfy pair-like and the expression FUN(u) is not well-formed when considered as an unevaluated operand.
21
#
Let pair-constructor be an exposition-only class defined as follows: class pair-constructor { using pair-type = remove_cv_t<T>; // exposition only constexpr auto do-construct(const pair-type& p) const { // exposition only return make_obj_using_allocator<pair-type>(alloc_, p); } constexpr auto do-construct(pair-type&& p) const { // exposition only return make_obj_using_allocator<pair-type>(alloc_, std::move(p)); } const Alloc& alloc_; // exposition only U& u_; // exposition only public: constexpr operator pair-type() const { return do-construct(std::forward<U>(u_)); } };
22
#
Returns: make_tuple(pc), where pc is a pair-constructor object whose alloc_ member is initialized with alloc and whose u_ member is initialized with u.
🔗
template<class T, class Alloc, class... Args> constexpr T make_obj_using_allocator(const Alloc& alloc, Args&&... args);
23
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return make_from_tuple<T>(uses_allocator_construction_args<T>( alloc, std::forward<Args>(args)...));
🔗
template<class T, class Alloc, class... Args> constexpr T* uninitialized_construct_using_allocator(T* p, const Alloc& alloc, Args&&... args);
24
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return apply([&]<class... U>(U&&... xs) { return construct_at(p, std::forward<U>(xs)...); }, uses_allocator_construction_args<T>(alloc, std::forward<Args>(args)...));

20.2.9 Allocator traits [allocator.traits]

20.2.9.1 General [allocator.traits.general]

1
#
The class template allocator_traits supplies a uniform interface to all allocator types.
An allocator cannot be a non-class type, however, even if allocator_traits supplies the entire required interface.
[Note 1: 
Thus, it is always possible to create a derived class from an allocator.
— end note]
If a program declares an explicit or partial specialization of allocator_traits, the program is ill-formed, no diagnostic required.
🔗
namespace std { template<class Alloc> struct allocator_traits { using allocator_type = Alloc; using value_type = typename Alloc::value_type; using pointer = see below; using const_pointer = see below; using void_pointer = see below; using const_void_pointer = see below; using difference_type = see below; using size_type = see below; using propagate_on_container_copy_assignment = see below; using propagate_on_container_move_assignment = see below; using propagate_on_container_swap = see below; using is_always_equal = see below; template<class T> using rebind_alloc = see below; template<class T> using rebind_traits = allocator_traits<rebind_alloc<T>>; [[nodiscard]] static constexpr pointer allocate(Alloc& a, size_type n); [[nodiscard]] static constexpr pointer allocate(Alloc& a, size_type n, const_void_pointer hint); [[nodiscard]] static constexpr allocation_result<pointer, size_type> allocate_at_least(Alloc& a, size_type n); static constexpr void deallocate(Alloc& a, pointer p, size_type n); template<class T, class... Args> static constexpr void construct(Alloc& a, T* p, Args&&... args); template<class T> static constexpr void destroy(Alloc& a, T* p); static constexpr size_type max_size(const Alloc& a) noexcept; static constexpr Alloc select_on_container_copy_construction(const Alloc& rhs); }; }

20.2.9.2 Member types [allocator.traits.types]

🔗
using pointer = see below;
1
#
Type: Alloc​::​pointer if the qualified-id Alloc​::​pointer is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]); otherwise, value_type*.
🔗
using const_pointer = see below;
2
#
Type: Alloc​::​const_pointer if the qualified-id Alloc​::​const_pointer is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]); otherwise, pointer_traits<pointer>​::​rebind<​const value_type>.
🔗
using void_pointer = see below;
3
#
Type: Alloc​::​void_pointer if the qualified-id Alloc​::​void_pointer is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]); otherwise, pointer_traits<pointer>​::​rebind<​void>.
🔗
using const_void_pointer = see below;
4
#
Type: Alloc​::​const_void_pointer if the qualified-id Alloc​::​const_void_pointer is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]); otherwise, pointer_traits<pointer>​::​​rebind<const void>.
🔗
using difference_type = see below;
5
#
Type: Alloc​::​difference_type if the qualified-id Alloc​::​difference_type is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]); otherwise, pointer_traits<pointer>​::​difference_type.
🔗
using size_type = see below;
6
#
Type: Alloc​::​size_type if the qualified-id Alloc​::​size_type is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]); otherwise, make_unsigned_t<difference_type>.
🔗
using propagate_on_container_copy_assignment = see below;
7
#
Type: Alloc​::​propagate_on_container_copy_assignment if the qualified-id Alloc​::​propagate_on_container_copy_assignment is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]); otherwise false_type.
🔗
using propagate_on_container_move_assignment = see below;
8
#
Type: Alloc​::​propagate_on_container_move_assignment if the qualified-id Alloc​::​propagate_on_container_move_assignment is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]); otherwise false_type.
🔗
using propagate_on_container_swap = see below;
9
#
Type: Alloc​::​propagate_on_container_swap if the qualified-id Alloc​::​propagate_on_container_swap is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]); otherwise false_type.
🔗
using is_always_equal = see below;
10
#
Type: Alloc​::​is_always_equal if the qualified-id Alloc​::​is_always_equal is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]); otherwise is_empty<Alloc>​::​type.
🔗
template<class T> using rebind_alloc = see below;
11
#
Alias template: Alloc​::​rebind<T>​::​other if the qualified-id Alloc​::​rebind<T>​::​other is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]); otherwise, Alloc<T, Args> if Alloc is a class template instantiation of the form Alloc<U, Args>, where Args is zero or more type arguments; otherwise, the instantiation of rebind_alloc is ill-formed.

20.2.9.3 Static member functions [allocator.traits.members]

🔗
[[nodiscard]] static constexpr pointer allocate(Alloc& a, size_type n);
1
#
Returns: a.allocate(n).
🔗
[[nodiscard]] static constexpr pointer allocate(Alloc& a, size_type n, const_void_pointer hint);
2
#
Returns: a.allocate(n, hint) if that expression is well-formed; otherwise, a.allocate(n).
🔗
[[nodiscard]] static constexpr allocation_result<pointer, size_type> allocate_at_least(Alloc& a, size_type n);
3
#
Returns: a.allocate_at_least(n) if that expression is well-formed; otherwise, {a.allocate(n), n}.
🔗
static constexpr void deallocate(Alloc& a, pointer p, size_type n);
4
#
Effects: Calls a.deallocate(p, n).
5
#
Throws: Nothing.
🔗
template<class T, class... Args> static constexpr void construct(Alloc& a, T* p, Args&&... args);
6
#
Effects: Calls a.construct(p, std​::​forward<Args>(args)...) if that call is well-formed; otherwise, invokes construct_at(p, std​::​forward<Args>(args)...).
🔗
template<class T> static constexpr void destroy(Alloc& a, T* p);
7
#
Effects: Calls a.destroy(p) if that call is well-formed; otherwise, invokes destroy_at(p).
🔗
static constexpr size_type max_size(const Alloc& a) noexcept;
8
#
Returns: a.max_size() if that expression is well-formed; otherwise, numeric_limits<size_type>​::​​max()/sizeof(value_type).
🔗
static constexpr Alloc select_on_container_copy_construction(const Alloc& rhs);
9
#
Returns: rhs.select_on_container_copy_construction() if that expression is well-formed; otherwise, rhs.

20.2.9.4 Other [allocator.traits.other]

1
#
The class template allocation_result has the template parameters, data members, and special members specified above.
It has no base classes or members other than those specified.

20.2.10 The default allocator [default.allocator]

20.2.10.1 General [default.allocator.general]

1
#
All specializations of the default allocator meet the allocator completeness requirements ([allocator.requirements.completeness]).
🔗
namespace std { template<class T> class allocator { public: using value_type = T; using size_type = size_t; using difference_type = ptrdiff_t; using propagate_on_container_move_assignment = true_type; constexpr allocator() noexcept; constexpr allocator(const allocator&) noexcept; template<class U> constexpr allocator(const allocator<U>&) noexcept; constexpr ~allocator(); constexpr allocator& operator=(const allocator&) = default; [[nodiscard]] constexpr T* allocate(size_t n); [[nodiscard]] constexpr allocation_result<T*> allocate_at_least(size_t n); constexpr void deallocate(T* p, size_t n); }; }
2
#
allocator_traits<allocator<T>>​::​is_always_equal​::​value is true for any T.

20.2.10.2 Members [allocator.members]

1
#
Except for the destructor, member functions of the default allocator shall not introduce data races ([intro.multithread]) as a result of concurrent calls to those member functions from different threads.
Calls to these functions that allocate or deallocate a particular unit of storage shall occur in a single total order, and each such deallocation call shall happen before the next allocation (if any) in this order.
🔗
[[nodiscard]] constexpr T* allocate(size_t n);
2
#
Mandates: T is not an incomplete type ([basic.types.general]).
3
#
Returns: A pointer to the initial element of an array of n T.
4
#
Throws: bad_array_new_length if numeric_limits<size_t>​::​max() / sizeof(T) < n, or bad_alloc if the storage cannot be obtained.
5
#
Remarks: The storage for the array is obtained by calling ​::​operator new ([new.delete]), but it is unspecified when or how often this function is called.
This function starts the lifetime of the array object, but not that of any of the array elements.
🔗
[[nodiscard]] constexpr allocation_result<T*> allocate_at_least(size_t n);
6
#
Mandates: T is not an incomplete type ([basic.types.general]).
7
#
Returns: allocation_result<T*>{ptr, count}, where ptr is a pointer to the initial element of an array of count T and count  ≥ n.
8
#
Throws: bad_array_new_length if numeric_limits<size_t>​::​max() / sizeof(T) < n, or bad_alloc if the storage cannot be obtained.
9
#
Remarks: The storage for the array is obtained by calling ​::​operator new, but it is unspecified when or how often this function is called.
This function starts the lifetime of the array object, but not that of any of the array elements.
🔗
constexpr void deallocate(T* p, size_t n);
10
#
Preconditions:
  • (10.1)
    If p is memory that was obtained by a call to allocate_at_least, let ret be the value returned and req be the value passed as the first argument to that call.
    p is equal to ret.ptr and n is a value such that req  ≤ n  ≤ ret.count.
  • (10.2)
    Otherwise, p is a pointer value obtained from allocate.
    n equals the value passed as the first argument to the invocation of allocate which returned p.
11
#
Effects: Deallocates the storage referenced by p.
12
#
Remarks: Uses ​::​operator delete ([new.delete]), but it is unspecified when this function is called.

20.2.10.3 Operators [allocator.globals]

🔗
template<class T, class U> constexpr bool operator==(const allocator<T>&, const allocator<U>&) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: true.

20.2.11 addressof [specialized.addressof]

🔗
template<class T> constexpr T* addressof(T& r) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: The actual address of the object or function referenced by r, even in the presence of an overloaded operator&.
2
#
Remarks: An expression addressof(E) is a constant subexpression ([defns.const.subexpr]) if E is an lvalue constant subexpression.

20.2.12 C library memory allocation [c.malloc]

1
#
[Note 1: 
The header <cstdlib> declares the functions described in this subclause.
— end note]
🔗
void* aligned_alloc(size_t alignment, size_t size); void* calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size); void* malloc(size_t size); void* realloc(void* ptr, size_t size);
2
#
Effects: These functions have the semantics specified in the C standard library.
3
#
Remarks: These functions do not attempt to allocate storage by calling ​::​operator new() ([new.delete]).
4
#
These functions implicitly create objects ([intro.object]) in the returned region of storage and return a pointer to a suitable created object.
In the case of calloc and realloc, the objects are created before the storage is zeroed or copied, respectively.
🔗
void free(void* ptr);
5
#
Effects: This function has the semantics specified in the C standard library.
6
#
Remarks: This function does not attempt to deallocate storage by calling ​::​operator delete().
See also: ISO/IEC 9899:2018, 7.22.3

20.3 Smart pointers [smartptr]

20.3.1 Unique-ownership pointers [unique.ptr]

20.3.1.1 General [unique.ptr.general]

1
#
A unique pointer is an object that owns another object and manages that other object through a pointer.
More precisely, a unique pointer is an object u that stores a pointer to a second object p and will dispose of p when u is itself destroyed (e.g., when leaving block scope ([stmt.dcl])).
In this context, u is said to own p.
2
#
The mechanism by which u disposes of p is known as p's associated deleter, a function object whose correct invocation results in p's appropriate disposition (typically its deletion).
3
#
Let the notation u.p denote the pointer stored by u, and let u.d denote the associated deleter.
Upon request, u can reset (replace) u.p and u.d with another pointer and deleter, but properly disposes of its owned object via the associated deleter before such replacement is considered completed.
4
#
Each object of a type U instantiated from the unique_ptr template specified in [unique.ptr] has the strict ownership semantics, specified above, of a unique pointer.
In partial satisfaction of these semantics, each such U is Cpp17MoveConstructible and Cpp17MoveAssignable, but is not Cpp17CopyConstructible nor Cpp17CopyAssignable.
The template parameter T of unique_ptr may be an incomplete type.
5
#
[Note 1: 
The uses of unique_ptr include providing exception safety for dynamically allocated memory, passing ownership of dynamically allocated memory to a function, and returning dynamically allocated memory from a function.
— end note]

20.3.1.2 Default deleters [unique.ptr.dltr]

20.3.1.2.1 In general [unique.ptr.dltr.general]

1
#
The class template default_delete serves as the default deleter (destruction policy) for the class template unique_ptr.
2
#
The template parameter T of default_delete may be an incomplete type.

20.3.1.2.2 default_delete [unique.ptr.dltr.dflt]

namespace std { template<class T> struct default_delete { constexpr default_delete() noexcept = default; template<class U> constexpr default_delete(const default_delete<U>&) noexcept; constexpr void operator()(T*) const; }; }
🔗
template<class U> constexpr default_delete(const default_delete<U>& other) noexcept;
1
#
Constraints: U* is implicitly convertible to T*.
2
#
Effects: Constructs a default_delete object from another default_delete<U> object.
🔗
constexpr void operator()(T* ptr) const;
3
#
Mandates: T is a complete type.
4
#
Effects: Calls delete on ptr.

20.3.1.2.3 default_delete<T[]> [unique.ptr.dltr.dflt1]

namespace std { template<class T> struct default_delete<T[]> { constexpr default_delete() noexcept = default; template<class U> constexpr default_delete(const default_delete<U[]>&) noexcept; template<class U> constexpr void operator()(U* ptr) const; }; }
🔗
template<class U> constexpr default_delete(const default_delete<U[]>& other) noexcept;
1
#
Constraints: U(*)[] is convertible to T(*)[].
2
#
Effects: Constructs a default_delete object from another default_delete<U[]> object.
🔗
template<class U> constexpr void operator()(U* ptr) const;
3
#
Constraints: U(*)[] is convertible to T(*)[].
4
#
Mandates: U is a complete type.
5
#
Effects: Calls delete[] on ptr.

20.3.1.3 unique_ptr for single objects [unique.ptr.single]

20.3.1.3.1 General [unique.ptr.single.general]

🔗
namespace std { template<class T, class D = default_delete<T>> class unique_ptr { public: using pointer = see below; using element_type = T; using deleter_type = D; // [unique.ptr.single.ctor], constructors constexpr unique_ptr() noexcept; constexpr explicit unique_ptr(type_identity_t<pointer> p) noexcept; constexpr unique_ptr(type_identity_t<pointer> p, see below d1) noexcept; constexpr unique_ptr(type_identity_t<pointer> p, see below d2) noexcept; constexpr unique_ptr(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept; constexpr unique_ptr(nullptr_t) noexcept; template<class U, class E> constexpr unique_ptr(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept; // [unique.ptr.single.dtor], destructor constexpr ~unique_ptr(); // [unique.ptr.single.asgn], assignment constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept; template<class U, class E> constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept; constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept; // [unique.ptr.single.observers], observers constexpr add_lvalue_reference_t<T> operator*() const noexcept(see below); constexpr pointer operator->() const noexcept; constexpr pointer get() const noexcept; constexpr deleter_type& get_deleter() noexcept; constexpr const deleter_type& get_deleter() const noexcept; constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept; // [unique.ptr.single.modifiers], modifiers constexpr pointer release() noexcept; constexpr void reset(pointer p = pointer()) noexcept; constexpr void swap(unique_ptr& u) noexcept; // disable copy from lvalue unique_ptr(const unique_ptr&) = delete; unique_ptr& operator=(const unique_ptr&) = delete; }; }
1
#
The default type for the template parameter D is default_delete.
A client-supplied template argument D shall be a function object type ([function.objects]), lvalue reference to function, or lvalue reference to function object type for which, given a value d of type D and a value ptr of type unique_ptr<T, D>​::​pointer, the expression d(ptr) is valid and has the effect of disposing of the pointer as appropriate for that deleter.
2
#
If the deleter's type D is not a reference type, D shall meet the Cpp17Destructible requirements (Table 35).
3
#
If the qualified-id remove_reference_t<D>​::​pointer is valid and denotes a type ([temp.deduct]), then unique_ptr<T, D>​::​pointer shall be a synonym for remove_reference_t<D>​::​pointer.
Otherwise unique_ptr<T, D>​::​pointer shall be a synonym for element_type*.
The type unique_ptr<T, D>​::​pointer shall meet the Cpp17NullablePointer requirements (Table 36).
4
#
[Example 1: 
Given an allocator type X ([allocator.requirements.general]) and letting A be a synonym for allocator_traits<X>, the types A​::​pointer, A​::​const_pointer, A​::​void_pointer, and A​::​const_void_pointer may be used as unique_ptr<T, D>​::​pointer.
— end example]

20.3.1.3.2 Constructors [unique.ptr.single.ctor]

🔗
constexpr unique_ptr() noexcept; constexpr unique_ptr(nullptr_t) noexcept;
1
#
Constraints: is_pointer_v<deleter_type> is false and is_default_constructible_v<deleter_type> is true.
2
#
Preconditions: D meets the Cpp17DefaultConstructible requirements (Table 30), and that construction does not throw an exception.
3
#
Effects: Constructs a unique_ptr object that owns nothing, value-initializing the stored pointer and the stored deleter.
4
#
Postconditions: get() == nullptr.
get_deleter() returns a reference to the stored deleter.
🔗
constexpr explicit unique_ptr(type_identity_t<pointer> p) noexcept;
5
#
Constraints: is_pointer_v<deleter_type> is false and is_default_constructible_v<deleter_type> is true.
6
#
Preconditions: D meets the Cpp17DefaultConstructible requirements (Table 30), and that construction does not throw an exception.
7
#
Effects: Constructs a unique_ptr which owns p, initializing the stored pointer with p and value-initializing the stored deleter.
8
#
Postconditions: get() == p.
get_deleter() returns a reference to the stored deleter.
🔗
constexpr unique_ptr(type_identity_t<pointer> p, const D& d) noexcept; constexpr unique_ptr(type_identity_t<pointer> p, remove_reference_t<D>&& d) noexcept;
9
#
Constraints: is_constructible_v<D, decltype(d)> is true.
10
#
Preconditions: For the first constructor, if D is not a reference type, D meets the Cpp17CopyConstructible requirements and such construction does not exit via an exception.
For the second constructor, if D is not a reference type, D meets the Cpp17MoveConstructible requirements and such construction does not exit via an exception.
11
#
Effects: Constructs a unique_ptr object which owns p, initializing the stored pointer with p and initializing the deleter from std​::​forward<decltype(d)>(d).
12
#
Postconditions: get() == p.
get_deleter() returns a reference to the stored deleter.
If D is a reference type then get_deleter() returns a reference to the lvalue d.
13
#
Remarks: If D is a reference type, the second constructor is defined as deleted.
14
#
[Example 1: D d; unique_ptr<int, D> p1(new int, D()); // D must be Cpp17MoveConstructible unique_ptr<int, D> p2(new int, d); // D must be Cpp17CopyConstructible unique_ptr<int, D&> p3(new int, d); // p3 holds a reference to d unique_ptr<int, const D&> p4(new int, D()); // error: rvalue deleter object combined // with reference deleter type — end example]
🔗
constexpr unique_ptr(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;
15
#
Constraints: is_move_constructible_v<D> is true.
16
#
Preconditions: If D is not a reference type, D meets the Cpp17MoveConstructible requirements (Table 31).
Construction of the deleter from an rvalue of type D does not throw an exception.
17
#
Effects: Constructs a unique_ptr from u.
If D is a reference type, this deleter is copy constructed from u's deleter; otherwise, this deleter is move constructed from u's deleter.
[Note 1: 
The construction of the deleter can be implemented with std​::​forward<D>.
— end note]
18
#
Postconditions: get() yields the value u.get() yielded before the construction.
u.get() == nullptr.
get_deleter() returns a reference to the stored deleter that was constructed from u.get_deleter().
If D is a reference type then get_deleter() and u.get_deleter() both reference the same lvalue deleter.
🔗
template<class U, class E> constexpr unique_ptr(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept;
19
#
Constraints:
  • (19.1)
    unique_ptr<U, E>​::​pointer is implicitly convertible to pointer,
  • (19.2)
    U is not an array type, and
  • (19.3)
    either D is a reference type and E is the same type as D, or D is not a reference type and E is implicitly convertible to D.
20
#
Preconditions: If E is not a reference type, construction of the deleter from an rvalue of type E is well-formed and does not throw an exception.
Otherwise, E is a reference type and construction of the deleter from an lvalue of type E is well-formed and does not throw an exception.
21
#
Effects: Constructs a unique_ptr from u.
If E is a reference type, this deleter is copy constructed from u's deleter; otherwise, this deleter is move constructed from u's deleter.
[Note 2: 
The deleter constructor can be implemented with std​::​forward<E>.
— end note]
22
#
Postconditions: get() yields the value u.get() yielded before the construction.
u.get() == nullptr.
get_deleter() returns a reference to the stored deleter that was constructed from u.get_deleter().

20.3.1.3.3 Destructor [unique.ptr.single.dtor]

🔗
constexpr ~unique_ptr();
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to: if (get()) get_deleter()(get());
[Note 1: 
The use of default_delete requires T to be a complete type.
— end note]
2
#
Remarks: The behavior is undefined if the evaluation of get_deleter()(get()) throws an exception.

20.3.1.3.4 Assignment [unique.ptr.single.asgn]

🔗
constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept;
1
#
Constraints: is_move_assignable_v<D> is true.
2
#
Preconditions: If D is not a reference type, D meets the Cpp17MoveAssignable requirements (Table 33) and assignment of the deleter from an rvalue of type D does not throw an exception.
Otherwise, D is a reference type; remove_reference_t<D> meets the Cpp17CopyAssignable requirements and assignment of the deleter from an lvalue of type D does not throw an exception.
3
#
Effects: Calls reset(u.release()) followed by get_deleter() = std​::​forward<D>(u.get_deleter()).
4
#
Postconditions: If this != addressof(u), u.get() == nullptr, otherwise u.get() is unchanged.
5
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
template<class U, class E> constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept;
6
#
Constraints:
  • (6.1)
    unique_ptr<U, E>​::​pointer is implicitly convertible to pointer, and
  • (6.2)
    U is not an array type, and
  • (6.3)
    is_assignable_v<D&, E&&> is true.
7
#
Preconditions: If E is not a reference type, assignment of the deleter from an rvalue of type E is well-formed and does not throw an exception.
Otherwise, E is a reference type and assignment of the deleter from an lvalue of type E is well-formed and does not throw an exception.
8
#
Effects: Calls reset(u.release()) followed by get_deleter() = std​::​forward<E>(u.get_deleter()).
9
#
Postconditions: u.get() == nullptr.
10
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept;
11
#
Effects: As if by reset().
12
#
Postconditions: get() == nullptr.
13
#
Returns: *this.

20.3.1.3.5 Observers [unique.ptr.single.observers]

🔗
constexpr add_lvalue_reference_t<T> operator*() const noexcept(noexcept(*declval<pointer>()));
1
#
Preconditions: get() != nullptr.
2
#
Returns: *get().
🔗
constexpr pointer operator->() const noexcept;
3
#
Preconditions: get() != nullptr.
4
#
Returns: get().
5
#
[Note 1: 
The use of this function typically requires that T be a complete type.
— end note]
🔗
constexpr pointer get() const noexcept;
6
#
Returns: The stored pointer.
🔗
constexpr deleter_type& get_deleter() noexcept; constexpr const deleter_type& get_deleter() const noexcept;
7
#
Returns: A reference to the stored deleter.
🔗
constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
8
#
Returns: get() != nullptr.

20.3.1.3.6 Modifiers [unique.ptr.single.modifiers]

🔗
constexpr pointer release() noexcept;
1
#
Postconditions: get() == nullptr.
2
#
Returns: The value get() had at the start of the call to release.
🔗
constexpr void reset(pointer p = pointer()) noexcept;
3
#
Effects: Assigns p to the stored pointer, and then, with the old value of the stored pointer, old_p, evaluates if (old_p) get_deleter()(old_p);
[Note 1: 
The order of these operations is significant because the call to get_deleter() might destroy *this.
— end note]
4
#
Postconditions: get() == p.
[Note 2: 
The postcondition does not hold if the call to get_deleter() destroys *this since this->get() is no longer a valid expression.
— end note]
5
#
Remarks: The behavior is undefined if the evaluation of get_deleter()(old_p) throws an exception.
🔗
constexpr void swap(unique_ptr& u) noexcept;
6
#
Preconditions: get_deleter() is swappable ([swappable.requirements]) and does not throw an exception under swap.
7
#
Effects: Invokes swap on the stored pointers and on the stored deleters of *this and u.

20.3.1.4 unique_ptr for array objects with a runtime length [unique.ptr.runtime]

20.3.1.4.1 General [unique.ptr.runtime.general]

🔗
namespace std { template<class T, class D> class unique_ptr<T[], D> { public: using pointer = see below; using element_type = T; using deleter_type = D; // [unique.ptr.runtime.ctor], constructors constexpr unique_ptr() noexcept; template<class U> constexpr explicit unique_ptr(U p) noexcept; template<class U> constexpr unique_ptr(U p, see below d) noexcept; template<class U> constexpr unique_ptr(U p, see below d) noexcept; constexpr unique_ptr(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept; template<class U, class E> constexpr unique_ptr(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept; constexpr unique_ptr(nullptr_t) noexcept; // destructor constexpr ~unique_ptr(); // assignment constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr&& u) noexcept; template<class U, class E> constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept; constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(nullptr_t) noexcept; // [unique.ptr.runtime.observers], observers constexpr T& operator[](size_t i) const; constexpr pointer get() const noexcept; constexpr deleter_type& get_deleter() noexcept; constexpr const deleter_type& get_deleter() const noexcept; constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept; // [unique.ptr.runtime.modifiers], modifiers constexpr pointer release() noexcept; template<class U> constexpr void reset(U p) noexcept; constexpr void reset(nullptr_t = nullptr) noexcept; constexpr void swap(unique_ptr& u) noexcept; // disable copy from lvalue unique_ptr(const unique_ptr&) = delete; unique_ptr& operator=(const unique_ptr&) = delete; }; }
1
#
A specialization for array types is provided with a slightly altered interface.
  • (1.1)
    Conversions between different types of unique_ptr<T[], D> that would be disallowed for the corresponding pointer-to-array types, and conversions to or from the non-array forms of unique_ptr, produce an ill-formed program.
  • (1.2)
    Pointers to types derived from T are rejected by the constructors, and by reset.
  • (1.3)
    The observers operator* and operator-> are not provided.
  • (1.4)
    The indexing observer operator[] is provided.
  • (1.5)
    The default deleter will call delete[].
2
#
Descriptions are provided below only for members that differ from the primary template.
3
#
The template argument T shall be a complete type.

20.3.1.4.2 Constructors [unique.ptr.runtime.ctor]

🔗
template<class U> constexpr explicit unique_ptr(U p) noexcept;
1
#
This constructor behaves the same as the constructor in the primary template that takes a single parameter of type pointer.
2
#
Constraints:
  • (2.1)
    U is the same type as pointer, or
  • (2.2)
    pointer is the same type as element_type*, U is a pointer type V*, and V(*)[] is convertible to element_type(*)[].
🔗
template<class U> constexpr unique_ptr(U p, see below d) noexcept; template<class U> constexpr unique_ptr(U p, see below d) noexcept;
3
#
These constructors behave the same as the constructors in the primary template that take a parameter of type pointer and a second parameter.
4
#
Constraints:
  • (4.1)
    U is the same type as pointer,
  • (4.2)
    U is nullptr_t, or
  • (4.3)
    pointer is the same type as element_type*, U is a pointer type V*, and V(*)[] is convertible to element_type(*)[].
🔗
template<class U, class E> constexpr unique_ptr(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept;
5
#
This constructor behaves the same as in the primary template.
6
#
Constraints: Where UP is unique_ptr<U, E>:
  • (6.1)
    U is an array type, and
  • (6.2)
    pointer is the same type as element_type*, and
  • (6.3)
    UP​::​pointer is the same type as UP​::​element_type*, and
  • (6.4)
    UP​::​element_type(*)[] is convertible to element_type(*)[], and
  • (6.5)
    either D is a reference type and E is the same type as D, or D is not a reference type and E is implicitly convertible to D.
[Note 1: 
This replaces the Constraints: specification of the primary template.
— end note]

20.3.1.4.3 Assignment [unique.ptr.runtime.asgn]

🔗
template<class U, class E> constexpr unique_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<U, E>&& u) noexcept;
1
#
This operator behaves the same as in the primary template.
2
#
Constraints: Where UP is unique_ptr<U, E>:
  • (2.1)
    U is an array type, and
  • (2.2)
    pointer is the same type as element_type*, and
  • (2.3)
    UP​::​pointer is the same type as UP​::​element_type*, and
  • (2.4)
    UP​::​element_type(*)[] is convertible to element_type(*)[], and
  • (2.5)
    is_assignable_v<D&, E&&> is true.
[Note 1: 
This replaces the Constraints: specification of the primary template.
— end note]

20.3.1.4.4 Observers [unique.ptr.runtime.observers]

🔗
constexpr T& operator[](size_t i) const;
1
#
Preconditions: i < the number of elements in the array to which the stored pointer points.
2
#
Returns: get()[i].

20.3.1.4.5 Modifiers [unique.ptr.runtime.modifiers]

🔗
constexpr void reset(nullptr_t p = nullptr) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to reset(pointer()).
🔗
template<class U> constexpr void reset(U p) noexcept;
2
#
This function behaves the same as the reset member of the primary template.
3
#
Constraints:
  • (3.1)
    U is the same type as pointer, or
  • (3.2)
    pointer is the same type as element_type*, U is a pointer type V*, and V(*)[] is convertible to element_type(*)[].

20.3.1.5 Creation [unique.ptr.create]

🔗
template<class T, class... Args> constexpr unique_ptr<T> make_unique(Args&&... args);
1
#
Constraints: T is not an array type.
2
#
Returns: unique_ptr<T>(new T(std​::​forward<Args>(args)...)).
🔗
template<class T> constexpr unique_ptr<T> make_unique(size_t n);
3
#
Constraints: T is an array of unknown bound.
4
#
Returns: unique_ptr<T>(new remove_extent_t<T>[n]()).
🔗
template<class T, class... Args> unspecified make_unique(Args&&...) = delete;
5
#
Constraints: T is an array of known bound.
🔗
template<class T> constexpr unique_ptr<T> make_unique_for_overwrite();
6
#
Constraints: T is not an array type.
7
#
Returns: unique_ptr<T>(new T).
🔗
template<class T> constexpr unique_ptr<T> make_unique_for_overwrite(size_t n);
8
#
Constraints: T is an array of unknown bound.
9
#
Returns: unique_ptr<T>(new remove_extent_t<T>[n]).
🔗
template<class T, class... Args> unspecified make_unique_for_overwrite(Args&&...) = delete;
10
#
Constraints: T is an array of known bound.

20.3.1.6 Specialized algorithms [unique.ptr.special]

🔗
template<class T, class D> constexpr void swap(unique_ptr<T, D>& x, unique_ptr<T, D>& y) noexcept;
1
#
Constraints: is_swappable_v<D> is true.
2
#
Effects: Calls x.swap(y).
🔗
template<class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2> constexpr bool operator==(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
3
#
Returns: x.get() == y.get().
🔗
template<class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2> bool operator<(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
4
#
Let CT denote common_type_t<typename unique_ptr<T1, D1>::pointer, typename unique_ptr<T2, D2>::pointer>
5
#
Mandates:
  • (5.1)
    unique_ptr<T1, D1>​::​pointer is implicitly convertible to CT and
  • (5.2)
    unique_ptr<T2, D2>​::​pointer is implicitly convertible to CT.
6
#
Preconditions: The specialization less<CT> is a function object type ([function.objects]) that induces a strict weak ordering ([alg.sorting]) on the pointer values.
7
#
Returns: less<CT>()(x.get(), y.get()).
🔗
template<class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2> bool operator>(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
8
#
Returns: y < x.
🔗
template<class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2> bool operator<=(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
9
#
Returns: !(y < x).
🔗
template<class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2> bool operator>=(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
10
#
Returns: !(x < y).
🔗
template<class T1, class D1, class T2, class D2> requires three_way_comparable_with<typename unique_ptr<T1, D1>::pointer, typename unique_ptr<T2, D2>::pointer> compare_three_way_result_t<typename unique_ptr<T1, D1>::pointer, typename unique_ptr<T2, D2>::pointer> operator<=>(const unique_ptr<T1, D1>& x, const unique_ptr<T2, D2>& y);
11
#
Returns: compare_three_way()(x.get(), y.get()).
🔗
template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator==(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t) noexcept;
12
#
Returns: !x.
🔗
template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator<(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t); template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator<(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& x);
13
#
Preconditions: The specialization less<unique_ptr<T, D>​::​pointer> is a function object type ([function.objects]) that induces a strict weak ordering ([alg.sorting]) on the pointer values.
14
#
Returns: The first function template returns less<unique_ptr<T, D>::pointer>()(x.get(), nullptr)
The second function template returns less<unique_ptr<T, D>::pointer>()(nullptr, x.get())
🔗
template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator>(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t); template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator>(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& x);
15
#
Returns: The first function template returns nullptr < x.
The second function template returns x < nullptr.
🔗
template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator<=(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t); template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator<=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& x);
16
#
Returns: The first function template returns !(nullptr < x).
The second function template returns !(x < nullptr).
🔗
template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator>=(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t); template<class T, class D> constexpr bool operator>=(nullptr_t, const unique_ptr<T, D>& x);
17
#
Returns: The first function template returns !(x < nullptr).
The second function template returns !(nullptr < x).
🔗
template<class T, class D> requires three_way_comparable<typename unique_ptr<T, D>::pointer> constexpr compare_three_way_result_t<typename unique_ptr<T, D>::pointer> operator<=>(const unique_ptr<T, D>& x, nullptr_t);
18
#
Returns: compare_three_way()(x.get(), static_cast<typename unique_ptr<T, D>::pointer>(nullptr)).

20.3.1.7 I/O [unique.ptr.io]

🔗
template<class E, class T, class Y, class D> basic_ostream<E, T>& operator<<(basic_ostream<E, T>& os, const unique_ptr<Y, D>& p);
1
#
Constraints: os << p.get() is a valid expression.
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to: os << p.get();
3
#
Returns: os.

20.3.2 Shared-ownership pointers [util.sharedptr]

20.3.2.1 Class bad_weak_ptr [util.smartptr.weak.bad]

🔗
namespace std { class bad_weak_ptr : public exception { public: // see [exception] for the specification of the special member functions const char* what() const noexcept override; }; }
1
#
An exception of type bad_weak_ptr is thrown by the shared_ptr constructor taking a weak_ptr.
🔗
const char* what() const noexcept override;
2
#
Returns: An implementation-defined ntbs.

20.3.2.2 Class template shared_ptr [util.smartptr.shared]

20.3.2.2.1 General [util.smartptr.shared.general]

1
#
The shared_ptr class template stores a pointer, usually obtained via new.
shared_ptr implements semantics of shared ownership; the last remaining owner of the pointer is responsible for destroying the object, or otherwise releasing the resources associated with the stored pointer.
A shared_ptr is said to be empty if it does not own a pointer.
namespace std { template<class T> class shared_ptr { public: using element_type = remove_extent_t<T>; using weak_type = weak_ptr<T>; // [util.smartptr.shared.const], constructors constexpr shared_ptr() noexcept; constexpr shared_ptr(nullptr_t) noexcept : shared_ptr() { } template<class Y> explicit shared_ptr(Y* p); template<class Y, class D> shared_ptr(Y* p, D d); template<class Y, class D, class A> shared_ptr(Y* p, D d, A a); template<class D> shared_ptr(nullptr_t p, D d); template<class D, class A> shared_ptr(nullptr_t p, D d, A a); template<class Y> shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r, element_type* p) noexcept; template<class Y> shared_ptr(shared_ptr<Y>&& r, element_type* p) noexcept; shared_ptr(const shared_ptr& r) noexcept; template<class Y> shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept; shared_ptr(shared_ptr&& r) noexcept; template<class Y> shared_ptr(shared_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept; template<class Y> explicit shared_ptr(const weak_ptr<Y>& r); template<class Y, class D> shared_ptr(unique_ptr<Y, D>&& r); // [util.smartptr.shared.dest], destructor ~shared_ptr(); // [util.smartptr.shared.assign], assignment shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr& r) noexcept; template<class Y> shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept; shared_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr&& r) noexcept; template<class Y> shared_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept; template<class Y, class D> shared_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<Y, D>&& r); // [util.smartptr.shared.mod], modifiers void swap(shared_ptr& r) noexcept; void reset() noexcept; template<class Y> void reset(Y* p); template<class Y, class D> void reset(Y* p, D d); template<class Y, class D, class A> void reset(Y* p, D d, A a); // [util.smartptr.shared.obs], observers element_type* get() const noexcept; T& operator*() const noexcept; T* operator->() const noexcept; element_type& operator[](ptrdiff_t i) const; long use_count() const noexcept; explicit operator bool() const noexcept; template<class U> bool owner_before(const shared_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept; template<class U> bool owner_before(const weak_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept; size_t owner_hash() const noexcept; template<class U> bool owner_equal(const shared_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept; template<class U> bool owner_equal(const weak_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept; }; template<class T> shared_ptr(weak_ptr<T>) -> shared_ptr<T>; template<class T, class D> shared_ptr(unique_ptr<T, D>) -> shared_ptr<T>; }
2
#
Specializations of shared_ptr shall be Cpp17CopyConstructible, Cpp17CopyAssignable, and Cpp17LessThanComparable, allowing their use in standard containers.
Specializations of shared_ptr shall be contextually convertible to bool, allowing their use in boolean expressions and declarations in conditions.
3
#
The template parameter T of shared_ptr may be an incomplete type.
[Note 1: 
T can be a function type.
— end note]
4
#
[Example 1: if (shared_ptr<X> px = dynamic_pointer_cast<X>(py)) { // do something with px } — end example]
5
#
For purposes of determining the presence of a data race, member functions shall access and modify only the shared_ptr and weak_ptr objects themselves and not objects they refer to.
Changes in use_count() do not reflect modifications that can introduce data races.
6
#
For the purposes of subclause [smartptr], a pointer type Y* is said to be compatible with a pointer type T* when either Y* is convertible to T* or Y is U[N] and T is cv U[].

20.3.2.2.2 Constructors [util.smartptr.shared.const]

1
#
In the constructor definitions below, enables shared_from_this with p, for a pointer p of type Y*, means that if Y has an unambiguous and accessible base class that is a specialization of enable_shared_from_this ([util.smartptr.enab]), then remove_cv_t<Y>* shall be implicitly convertible to T* and the constructor evaluates the statement: if (p != nullptr && p->weak_this.expired()) p->weak_this = shared_ptr<remove_cv_t<Y>>(*this, const_cast<remove_cv_t<Y>*>(p));
The assignment to the weak_this member is not atomic and conflicts with any potentially concurrent access to the same object ([intro.multithread]).
🔗
constexpr shared_ptr() noexcept;
2
#
Postconditions: use_count() == 0 && get() == nullptr.
🔗
template<class Y> explicit shared_ptr(Y* p);
3
#
Constraints: When T is an array type, the expression delete[] p is well-formed and either T is U[N] and Y(*)[N] is convertible to T*, or T is U[] and Y(*)[] is convertible to T*.
When T is not an array type, the expression delete p is well-formed and Y* is convertible to T*.
4
#
Mandates: Y is a complete type.
5
#
Preconditions: The expression delete[] p, when T is an array type, or delete p, when T is not an array type, has well-defined behavior, and does not throw exceptions.
6
#
Effects: When T is not an array type, constructs a shared_ptr object that owns the pointer p.
Otherwise, constructs a shared_ptr that owns p and a deleter of an unspecified type that calls delete[] p.
When T is not an array type, enables shared_from_this with p.
If an exception is thrown, delete p is called when T is not an array type, delete[] p otherwise.
7
#
Postconditions: use_count() == 1 && get() == p.
8
#
Throws: bad_alloc, or an implementation-defined exception when a resource other than memory cannot be obtained.
🔗
template<class Y, class D> shared_ptr(Y* p, D d); template<class Y, class D, class A> shared_ptr(Y* p, D d, A a); template<class D> shared_ptr(nullptr_t p, D d); template<class D, class A> shared_ptr(nullptr_t p, D d, A a);
9
#
Constraints: is_move_constructible_v<D> is true, and d(p) is a well-formed expression.
For the first two overloads:
  • (9.1)
    If T is an array type, then either T is U[N] and Y(*)[N] is convertible to T*, or T is U[] and Y(*)[] is convertible to T*.
  • (9.2)
    If T is not an array type, then Y* is convertible to T*.
10
#
Preconditions: Construction of d and a deleter of type D initialized with std​::​move(d) do not throw exceptions.
The expression d(p) has well-defined behavior and does not throw exceptions.
A meets the Cpp17Allocator requirements ([allocator.requirements.general]).
11
#
Effects: Constructs a shared_ptr object that owns the object p and the deleter d.
When T is not an array type, the first and second constructors enable shared_from_this with p.
The second and fourth constructors shall use a copy of a to allocate memory for internal use.
If an exception is thrown, d(p) is called.
12
#
Postconditions: use_count() == 1 && get() == p.
13
#
Throws: bad_alloc, or an implementation-defined exception when a resource other than memory cannot be obtained.
🔗
template<class Y> shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r, element_type* p) noexcept; template<class Y> shared_ptr(shared_ptr<Y>&& r, element_type* p) noexcept;
14
#
Effects: Constructs a shared_ptr instance that stores p and shares ownership with the initial value of r.
15
#
Postconditions: get() == p.
For the second overload, r is empty and r.get() == nullptr.
16
#
[Note 1: 
Use of this constructor leads to a dangling pointer unless p remains valid at least until the ownership group of r is destroyed.
— end note]
17
#
[Note 2: 
This constructor allows creation of an empty shared_ptr instance with a non-null stored pointer.
— end note]
🔗
shared_ptr(const shared_ptr& r) noexcept; template<class Y> shared_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
18
#
Constraints: For the second constructor, Y* is compatible with T*.
19
#
Effects: If r is empty, constructs an empty shared_ptr object; otherwise, constructs a shared_ptr object that shares ownership with r.
20
#
Postconditions: get() == r.get() && use_count() == r.use_count().
🔗
shared_ptr(shared_ptr&& r) noexcept; template<class Y> shared_ptr(shared_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept;
21
#
Constraints: For the second constructor, Y* is compatible with T*.
22
#
Effects: Move constructs a shared_ptr instance from r.
23
#
Postconditions: *this contains the old value of r.
r is empty, and r.get() == nullptr.
🔗
template<class Y> explicit shared_ptr(const weak_ptr<Y>& r);
24
#
Constraints: Y* is compatible with T*.
25
#
Effects: Constructs a shared_ptr object that shares ownership with r and stores a copy of the pointer stored in r.
If an exception is thrown, the constructor has no effect.
26
#
Postconditions: use_count() == r.use_count().
27
#
Throws: bad_weak_ptr when r.expired().
🔗
template<class Y, class D> shared_ptr(unique_ptr<Y, D>&& r);
28
#
Constraints: Y* is compatible with T* and unique_ptr<Y, D>​::​pointer is convertible to element_type*.
29
#
Effects: If r.get() == nullptr, equivalent to shared_ptr().
Otherwise, if D is not a reference type, equivalent to shared_ptr(r.release(), std​::​move(r.get_deleter())).
Otherwise, equivalent to shared_ptr(r.release(), ref(r.get_deleter())).
If an exception is thrown, the constructor has no effect.

20.3.2.2.3 Destructor [util.smartptr.shared.dest]

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~shared_ptr();
1
#
Effects:
  • (1.1)
    If *this is empty or shares ownership with another shared_ptr instance (use_count() > 1), there are no side effects.
  • (1.2)
    Otherwise, if *this owns an object p and a deleter d, d(p) is called.
  • (1.3)
    Otherwise, *this owns a pointer p, and delete p is called.
2
#
[Note 1: 
Since the destruction of *this decreases the number of instances that share ownership with *this by one, after *this has been destroyed all shared_ptr instances that shared ownership with *this will report a use_count() that is one less than its previous value.
— end note]

20.3.2.2.4 Assignment [util.smartptr.shared.assign]

🔗
shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr& r) noexcept; template<class Y> shared_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to shared_ptr(r).swap(*this).
2
#
Returns: *this.
3
#
[Note 1: 
The use count updates caused by the temporary object construction and destruction are not observable side effects, so the implementation can meet the effects (and the implied guarantees) via different means, without creating a temporary.
In particular, in the example: shared_ptr<int> p(new int); shared_ptr<void> q(p); p = p; q = p; both assignments can be no-ops.
— end note]
🔗
shared_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr&& r) noexcept; template<class Y> shared_ptr& operator=(shared_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept;
4
#
Effects: Equivalent to shared_ptr(std​::​move(r)).swap(*this).
5
#
Returns: *this.
🔗
template<class Y, class D> shared_ptr& operator=(unique_ptr<Y, D>&& r);
6
#
Effects: Equivalent to shared_ptr(std​::​move(r)).swap(*this).
7
#
Returns: *this.

20.3.2.2.5 Modifiers [util.smartptr.shared.mod]

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void swap(shared_ptr& r) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Exchanges the contents of *this and r.
🔗
void reset() noexcept;
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to shared_ptr().swap(*this).
🔗
template<class Y> void reset(Y* p);
3
#
Effects: Equivalent to shared_ptr(p).swap(*this).
🔗
template<class Y, class D> void reset(Y* p, D d);
4
#
Effects: Equivalent to shared_ptr(p, d).swap(*this).
🔗
template<class Y, class D, class A> void reset(Y* p, D d, A a);
5
#
Effects: Equivalent to shared_ptr(p, d, a).swap(*this).

20.3.2.2.6 Observers [util.smartptr.shared.obs]

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element_type* get() const noexcept;
1
#
Returns: The stored pointer.
🔗
T& operator*() const noexcept;
2
#
Preconditions: get() != nullptr.
3
#
Returns: *get().
4
#
Remarks: When T is an array type or cv void, it is unspecified whether this member function is declared.
If it is declared, it is unspecified what its return type is, except that the declaration (although not necessarily the definition) of the function shall be well-formed.
🔗
T* operator->() const noexcept;
5
#
Preconditions: get() != nullptr.
6
#
Returns: get().
7
#
Remarks: When T is an array type, it is unspecified whether this member function is declared.
If it is declared, it is unspecified what its return type is, except that the declaration (although not necessarily the definition) of the function shall be well-formed.
🔗
element_type& operator[](ptrdiff_t i) const;
8
#
Preconditions: get() != nullptr && i >= 0.
If T is U[N], i < N.
9
#
Returns: get()[i].
10
#
Throws: Nothing.
11
#
Remarks: When T is not an array type, it is unspecified whether this member function is declared.
If it is declared, it is unspecified what its return type is, except that the declaration (although not necessarily the definition) of the function shall be well-formed.
🔗
long use_count() const noexcept;
12
#
Synchronization: None.
13
#
Returns: The number of shared_ptr objects, *this included, that share ownership with *this, or 0 when *this is empty.
14
#
[Note 1: 
get() == nullptr does not imply a specific return value of use_count().
— end note]
15
#
[Note 2: 
weak_ptr<T>​::​lock() can affect the return value of use_count().
— end note]
16
#
[Note 3: 
When multiple threads might affect the return value of use_count(), the result is approximate.
In particular, use_count() == 1 does not imply that accesses through a previously destroyed shared_ptr have in any sense completed.
— end note]
🔗
explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
17
#
Returns: get() != nullptr.
🔗
template<class U> bool owner_before(const shared_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept; template<class U> bool owner_before(const weak_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept;
18
#
Returns: An unspecified value such that
  • (18.1)
    owner_before(b) defines a strict weak ordering as defined in [alg.sorting];
  • (18.2)
    !owner_before(b) && !b.owner_before(*this) is true if and only if owner_equal(b) is true.
🔗
size_t owner_hash() const noexcept;
19
#
Returns: An unspecified value such that, for any object x where owner_equal(x) is true, owner_hash() == x.owner_hash() is true.
🔗
template<class U> bool owner_equal(const shared_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept; template<class U> bool owner_equal(const weak_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept;
20
#
Returns: true if and only if *this and b share ownership or are both empty.
Otherwise returns false.
21
#
Remarks: owner_equal is an equivalence relation.

20.3.2.2.7 Creation [util.smartptr.shared.create]

1
#
The common requirements that apply to all make_shared, allocate_shared, make_shared_for_overwrite, and allocate_shared_for_overwrite overloads, unless specified otherwise, are described below.
🔗
template<class T, ...> shared_ptr<T> make_shared(args); template<class T, class A, ...> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, args); template<class T, ...> shared_ptr<T> make_shared_for_overwrite(args); template<class T, class A, ...> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared_for_overwrite(const A& a, args);
2
#
Preconditions: A meets the Cpp17Allocator requirements ([allocator.requirements.general]).
3
#
Effects: Allocates memory for an object of type T (or U[N] when T is U[], where N is determined from args as specified by the concrete overload).
The object is initialized from args as specified by the concrete overload.
The allocate_shared and allocate_shared_for_overwrite templates use a copy of a (rebound for an unspecified value_type) to allocate memory.
If an exception is thrown, the functions have no effect.
4
#
Postconditions: r.get() != nullptr && r.use_count() == 1, where r is the return value.
5
#
Returns: A shared_ptr instance that stores and owns the address of the newly constructed object.
6
#
Throws: bad_alloc, or an exception thrown from allocate or from the initialization of the object.
7
#
Remarks:
  • (7.1)
    Implementations should perform no more than one memory allocation.
    [Note 1: 
    This provides efficiency equivalent to an intrusive smart pointer.
    — end note]
  • (7.2)
    When an object of an array type U is specified to have an initial value of u (of the same type), this shall be interpreted to mean that each array element of the object has as its initial value the corresponding element from u.
  • (7.3)
    When an object of an array type is specified to have a default initial value, this shall be interpreted to mean that each array element of the object has a default initial value.
  • (7.4)
    When a (sub)object of a non-array type U is specified to have an initial value of v, or U(l...), where l... is a list of constructor arguments, make_shared shall initialize this (sub)object via the expression ​::​new(pv) U(v) or ​::​new(pv) U(l...) respectively, where pv has type void* and points to storage suitable to hold an object of type U.
  • (7.5)
    When a (sub)object of a non-array type U is specified to have an initial value of v, or U(l...), where l... is a list of constructor arguments, allocate_shared shall initialize this (sub)object via the expression
    • (7.5.1)
      allocator_traits<A2>​::​construct(a2, pv, v) or
    • (7.5.2)
      allocator_traits<A2>​::​construct(a2, pv, l...)
    respectively, where pv points to storage suitable to hold an object of type U and a2 of type A2 is a rebound copy of the allocator a passed to allocate_shared such that its value_type is remove_cv_t<U>.
  • (7.6)
    When a (sub)object of non-array type U is specified to have a default initial value, make_shared shall initialize this (sub)object via the expression ​::​new(pv) U(), where pv has type void* and points to storage suitable to hold an object of type U.
  • (7.7)
    When a (sub)object of non-array type U is specified to have a default initial value, allocate_shared shall initialize this (sub)object via the expression allocator_traits<A2>​::​construct(a2, pv), where pv points to storage suitable to hold an object of type U and a2 of type A2 is a rebound copy of the allocator a passed to allocate_shared such that its value_type is remove_cv_t<U>.
  • (7.8)
    When a (sub)object of non-array type U is initialized by make_shared_for_overwrite or
    allocate_shared_for_overwrite, it is initialized via the expression ​::​new(pv) U, where pv has type void* and points to storage suitable to hold an object of type U.
  • (7.9)
    Array elements are initialized in ascending order of their addresses.
  • (7.10)
    When the lifetime of the object managed by the return value ends, or when the initialization of an array element throws an exception, the initialized elements are destroyed in the reverse order of their original construction.
  • (7.11)
    When a (sub)object of non-array type U that was initialized by make_shared is to be destroyed, it is destroyed via the expression pv->~U() where pv points to that object of type U.
  • (7.12)
    When a (sub)object of non-array type U that was initialized by allocate_shared is to be destroyed, it is destroyed via the expression allocator_traits<A2>​::​destroy(a2, pv) where pv points to that object of type remove_cv_t<U> and a2 of type A2 is a rebound copy of the allocator a passed to allocate_shared such that its value_type is remove_cv_t<U>.
[Note 2: 
These functions will typically allocate more memory than sizeof(T) to allow for internal bookkeeping structures such as reference counts.
— end note]
🔗
template<class T, class... Args> shared_ptr<T> make_shared(Args&&... args); // T is not array template<class T, class A, class... Args> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, Args&&... args); // T is not array
8
#
Constraints: T is not an array type.
9
#
Returns: A shared_ptr to an object of type T with an initial value T(std​::​forward<Args>(args)...).
10
#
Remarks: The shared_ptr constructors called by these functions enable shared_from_this with the address of the newly constructed object of type T.
11
#
[Example 1: shared_ptr<int> p = make_shared<int>(); // shared_ptr to int() shared_ptr<vector<int>> q = make_shared<vector<int>>(16, 1); // shared_ptr to vector of 16 elements with value 1 — end example]
🔗
template<class T> shared_ptr<T> make_shared(size_t N); // T is U[] template<class T, class A> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, size_t N); // T is U[]
12
#
Constraints: T is of the form U[].
13
#
Returns: A shared_ptr to an object of type U[N] with a default initial value, where U is remove_extent_t<T>.
14
#
[Example 2: shared_ptr<double[]> p = make_shared<double[]>(1024); // shared_ptr to a value-initialized double[1024] shared_ptr<double[][2][2]> q = make_shared<double[][2][2]>(6); // shared_ptr to a value-initialized double[6][2][2] — end example]
🔗
template<class T> shared_ptr<T> make_shared(); // T is U[N] template<class T, class A> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a); // T is U[N]
15
#
Constraints: T is of the form U[N].
16
#
Returns: A shared_ptr to an object of type T with a default initial value.
17
#
[Example 3: shared_ptr<double[1024]> p = make_shared<double[1024]>(); // shared_ptr to a value-initialized double[1024] shared_ptr<double[6][2][2]> q = make_shared<double[6][2][2]>(); // shared_ptr to a value-initialized double[6][2][2] — end example]
🔗
template<class T> shared_ptr<T> make_shared(size_t N, const remove_extent_t<T>& u); // T is U[] template<class T, class A> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, size_t N, const remove_extent_t<T>& u); // T is U[]
18
#
Constraints: T is of the form U[].
19
#
Returns: A shared_ptr to an object of type U[N], where U is remove_extent_t<T> and each array element has an initial value of u.
20
#
[Example 4: shared_ptr<double[]> p = make_shared<double[]>(1024, 1.0); // shared_ptr to a double[1024], where each element is 1.0 shared_ptr<double[][2]> q = make_shared<double[][2]>(6, {1.0, 0.0}); // shared_ptr to a double[6][2], where each double[2] element is {1.0, 0.0} shared_ptr<vector<int>[]> r = make_shared<vector<int>[]>(4, {1, 2}); // shared_ptr to a vector<int>[4], where each vector has contents {1, 2} — end example]
🔗
template<class T> shared_ptr<T> make_shared(const remove_extent_t<T>& u); // T is U[N] template<class T, class A> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared(const A& a, const remove_extent_t<T>& u); // T is U[N]
21
#
Constraints: T is of the form U[N].
22
#
Returns: A shared_ptr to an object of type T, where each array element of type remove_extent_t<T> has an initial value of u.
23
#
[Example 5: shared_ptr<double[1024]> p = make_shared<double[1024]>(1.0); // shared_ptr to a double[1024], where each element is 1.0 shared_ptr<double[6][2]> q = make_shared<double[6][2]>({1.0, 0.0}); // shared_ptr to a double[6][2], where each double[2] element is {1.0, 0.0} shared_ptr<vector<int>[4]> r = make_shared<vector<int>[4]>({1, 2}); // shared_ptr to a vector<int>[4], where each vector has contents {1, 2} — end example]
🔗
template<class T> shared_ptr<T> make_shared_for_overwrite(); template<class T, class A> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared_for_overwrite(const A& a);
24
#
Constraints: T is not an array of unknown bound.
25
#
Returns: A shared_ptr to an object of type T.
26
#
[Example 6: struct X { double data[1024]; }; shared_ptr<X> p = make_shared_for_overwrite<X>(); // shared_ptr to a default-initialized X, where each element in X​::​data has an indeterminate value shared_ptr<double[1024]> q = make_shared_for_overwrite<double[1024]>(); // shared_ptr to a default-initialized double[1024], where each element has an indeterminate value — end example]
🔗
template<class T> shared_ptr<T> make_shared_for_overwrite(size_t N); template<class T, class A> shared_ptr<T> allocate_shared_for_overwrite(const A& a, size_t N);
27
#
Constraints: T is an array of unknown bound.
28
#
Returns: A shared_ptr to an object of type U[N], where U is remove_extent_t<T>.
29
#
[Example 7: shared_ptr<double[]> p = make_shared_for_overwrite<double[]>(1024); // shared_ptr to a default-initialized double[1024], where each element has an indeterminate value — end example]

20.3.2.2.8 Comparison [util.smartptr.shared.cmp]

🔗
template<class T, class U> bool operator==(const shared_ptr<T>& a, const shared_ptr<U>& b) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: a.get() == b.get().
🔗
template<class T> bool operator==(const shared_ptr<T>& a, nullptr_t) noexcept;
2
#
Returns: !a.
🔗
template<class T, class U> strong_ordering operator<=>(const shared_ptr<T>& a, const shared_ptr<U>& b) noexcept;
3
#
Returns: compare_three_way()(a.get(), b.get()).
4
#
[Note 1: 
Defining a comparison operator function allows shared_ptr objects to be used as keys in associative containers.
— end note]
🔗
template<class T> strong_ordering operator<=>(const shared_ptr<T>& a, nullptr_t) noexcept;
5
#
Returns: compare_three_way()(a.get(), static_cast<typename shared_ptr<T>::element_type*>(nullptr))

20.3.2.2.9 Specialized algorithms [util.smartptr.shared.spec]

🔗
template<class T> void swap(shared_ptr<T>& a, shared_ptr<T>& b) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to a.swap(b).

20.3.2.2.10 Casts [util.smartptr.shared.cast]

🔗
template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> static_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<U>& r) noexcept; template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> static_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U>&& r) noexcept;
1
#
Mandates: The expression static_cast<T*>((U*)nullptr) is well-formed.
2
#
Returns: shared_ptr<T>(R, static_cast<typename shared_ptr<T>::element_type*>(r.get())) where R is r for the first overload, and std​::​move(r) for the second.
3
#
[Note 1: 
The seemingly equivalent expression shared_ptr<T>(static_cast<T*>(r.get())) will eventually result in undefined behavior, attempting to delete the same object twice.
— end note]
🔗
template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> dynamic_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<U>& r) noexcept; template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> dynamic_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U>&& r) noexcept;
4
#
Mandates: The expression dynamic_cast<T*>((U*)nullptr) is well-formed.
The expression dynamic_cast<typename shared_ptr<T>​::​element_type*>(r.get()) is well-formed.
5
#
Preconditions: The expression dynamic_cast<typename shared_ptr<T>​::​element_type*>(r.get()) has well-defined behavior.
6
#
Returns:
  • (6.1)
    When dynamic_cast<typename shared_ptr<T>​::​element_type*>(r.get()) returns a non-null value p, shared_ptr<T>(R, p), where R is r for the first overload, and std​::​move(r) for the second.
  • (6.2)
    Otherwise, shared_ptr<T>().
7
#
[Note 2: 
The seemingly equivalent expression shared_ptr<T>(dynamic_cast<T*>(r.get())) will eventually result in undefined behavior, attempting to delete the same object twice.
— end note]
🔗
template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> const_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<U>& r) noexcept; template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> const_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U>&& r) noexcept;
8
#
Mandates: The expression const_cast<T*>((U*)nullptr) is well-formed.
9
#
Returns: shared_ptr<T>(R, const_cast<typename shared_ptr<T>::element_type*>(r.get())) where R is r for the first overload, and std​::​move(r) for the second.
10
#
[Note 3: 
The seemingly equivalent expression shared_ptr<T>(const_cast<T*>(r.get())) will eventually result in undefined behavior, attempting to delete the same object twice.
— end note]
🔗
template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> reinterpret_pointer_cast(const shared_ptr<U>& r) noexcept; template<class T, class U> shared_ptr<T> reinterpret_pointer_cast(shared_ptr<U>&& r) noexcept;
11
#
Mandates: The expression reinterpret_cast<T*>((U*)nullptr) is well-formed.
12
#
Returns: shared_ptr<T>(R, reinterpret_cast<typename shared_ptr<T>::element_type*>(r.get())) where R is r for the first overload, and std​::​move(r) for the second.
13
#
[Note 4: 
The seemingly equivalent expression shared_ptr<T>(reinterpret_cast<T*>(r.get())) will eventually result in undefined behavior, attempting to delete the same object twice.
— end note]

20.3.2.2.11 get_deleter [util.smartptr.getdeleter]

🔗
template<class D, class T> D* get_deleter(const shared_ptr<T>& p) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: If p owns a deleter d of type cv-unqualified D, returns addressof(d); otherwise returns nullptr.
The returned pointer remains valid as long as there exists a shared_ptr instance that owns d.
[Note 1: 
It is unspecified whether the pointer remains valid longer than that.
This can happen if the implementation doesn't destroy the deleter until all weak_ptr instances that share ownership with p have been destroyed.
— end note]

20.3.2.2.12 I/O [util.smartptr.shared.io]

🔗
template<class E, class T, class Y> basic_ostream<E, T>& operator<<(basic_ostream<E, T>& os, const shared_ptr<Y>& p);
1
#
Effects: As if by: os << p.get();
2
#
Returns: os.

20.3.2.3 Class template weak_ptr [util.smartptr.weak]

20.3.2.3.1 General [util.smartptr.weak.general]

1
#
The weak_ptr class template stores a weak reference to an object that is already managed by a shared_ptr.
To access the object, a weak_ptr can be converted to a shared_ptr using the member function lock.
namespace std { template<class T> class weak_ptr { public: using element_type = remove_extent_t<T>; // [util.smartptr.weak.const], constructors constexpr weak_ptr() noexcept; template<class Y> weak_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept; weak_ptr(const weak_ptr& r) noexcept; template<class Y> weak_ptr(const weak_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept; weak_ptr(weak_ptr&& r) noexcept; template<class Y> weak_ptr(weak_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept; // [util.smartptr.weak.dest], destructor ~weak_ptr(); // [util.smartptr.weak.assign], assignment weak_ptr& operator=(const weak_ptr& r) noexcept; template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(const weak_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept; template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept; weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr&& r) noexcept; template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept; // [util.smartptr.weak.mod], modifiers void swap(weak_ptr& r) noexcept; void reset() noexcept; // [util.smartptr.weak.obs], observers long use_count() const noexcept; bool expired() const noexcept; shared_ptr<T> lock() const noexcept; template<class U> bool owner_before(const shared_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept; template<class U> bool owner_before(const weak_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept; size_t owner_hash() const noexcept; template<class U> bool owner_equal(const shared_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept; template<class U> bool owner_equal(const weak_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept; }; template<class T> weak_ptr(shared_ptr<T>) -> weak_ptr<T>; }
2
#
Specializations of weak_ptr shall be Cpp17CopyConstructible and Cpp17CopyAssignable, allowing their use in standard containers.
The template parameter T of weak_ptr may be an incomplete type.

20.3.2.3.2 Constructors [util.smartptr.weak.const]

🔗
constexpr weak_ptr() noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Constructs an empty weak_ptr object that stores a null pointer value.
2
#
Postconditions: use_count() == 0.
🔗
weak_ptr(const weak_ptr& r) noexcept; template<class Y> weak_ptr(const weak_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept; template<class Y> weak_ptr(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
3
#
Constraints: For the second and third constructors, Y* is compatible with T*.
4
#
Effects: If r is empty, constructs an empty weak_ptr object that stores a null pointer value; otherwise, constructs a weak_ptr object that shares ownership with r and stores a copy of the pointer stored in r.
5
#
Postconditions: use_count() == r.use_count().
🔗
weak_ptr(weak_ptr&& r) noexcept; template<class Y> weak_ptr(weak_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept;
6
#
Constraints: For the second constructor, Y* is compatible with T*.
7
#
Effects: Move constructs a weak_ptr instance from r.
8
#
Postconditions: *this contains the old value of r.
r is empty, stores a null pointer value, and r.use_count() == 0.

20.3.2.3.3 Destructor [util.smartptr.weak.dest]

🔗
~weak_ptr();
1
#
Effects: Destroys this weak_ptr object but has no effect on the object its stored pointer points to.

20.3.2.3.4 Assignment [util.smartptr.weak.assign]

🔗
weak_ptr& operator=(const weak_ptr& r) noexcept; template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(const weak_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept; template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(const shared_ptr<Y>& r) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to weak_ptr(r).swap(*this).
2
#
Returns: *this.
3
#
Remarks: The implementation may meet the effects (and the implied guarantees) via different means, without creating a temporary object.
🔗
weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr&& r) noexcept; template<class Y> weak_ptr& operator=(weak_ptr<Y>&& r) noexcept;
4
#
Effects: Equivalent to weak_ptr(std​::​move(r)).swap(*this).
5
#
Returns: *this.

20.3.2.3.5 Modifiers [util.smartptr.weak.mod]

🔗
void swap(weak_ptr& r) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Exchanges the contents of *this and r.
🔗
void reset() noexcept;
2
#
Effects: Equivalent to weak_ptr().swap(*this).

20.3.2.3.6 Observers [util.smartptr.weak.obs]

🔗
long use_count() const noexcept;
1
#
Returns: 0 if *this is empty; otherwise, the number of shared_ptr instances that share ownership with *this.
🔗
bool expired() const noexcept;
2
#
Returns: use_count() == 0.
🔗
shared_ptr<T> lock() const noexcept;
3
#
Returns: expired() ? shared_ptr<T>() : shared_ptr<T>(*this), executed atomically.
🔗
template<class U> bool owner_before(const shared_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept; template<class U> bool owner_before(const weak_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept;
4
#
Returns: An unspecified value such that
  • (4.1)
    owner_before(b) defines a strict weak ordering as defined in [alg.sorting];
  • (4.2)
    !owner_before(b) && !b.owner_before(*this) is true if and only if owner_equal(b) is true.
🔗
size_t owner_hash() const noexcept;
5
#
Returns: An unspecified value such that, for any object x where owner_equal(x) is true, owner_hash() == x.owner_hash() is true.
🔗
template<class U> bool owner_equal(const shared_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept; template<class U> bool owner_equal(const weak_ptr<U>& b) const noexcept;
6
#
Returns: true if and only if *this and b share ownership or are both empty.
Otherwise returns false.
7
#
Remarks: owner_equal is an equivalence relation.

20.3.2.3.7 Specialized algorithms [util.smartptr.weak.spec]

🔗
template<class T> void swap(weak_ptr<T>& a, weak_ptr<T>& b) noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Equivalent to a.swap(b).

20.3.2.4 Class template owner_less [util.smartptr.ownerless]

1
#
The class template owner_less allows ownership-based mixed comparisons of shared and weak pointers.
🔗
namespace std { template<class T = void> struct owner_less; template<class T> struct owner_less<shared_ptr<T>> { bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>&, const shared_ptr<T>&) const noexcept; bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>&, const weak_ptr<T>&) const noexcept; bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>&, const shared_ptr<T>&) const noexcept; }; template<class T> struct owner_less<weak_ptr<T>> { bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>&, const weak_ptr<T>&) const noexcept; bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>&, const weak_ptr<T>&) const noexcept; bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>&, const shared_ptr<T>&) const noexcept; }; template<> struct owner_less<void> { template<class T, class U> bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>&, const shared_ptr<U>&) const noexcept; template<class T, class U> bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>&, const weak_ptr<U>&) const noexcept; template<class T, class U> bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>&, const shared_ptr<U>&) const noexcept; template<class T, class U> bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>&, const weak_ptr<U>&) const noexcept; using is_transparent = unspecified; }; }
2
#
operator()(x, y) returns x.owner_before(y).
[Note 1: 
Note that
  • (2.1)
    operator() defines a strict weak ordering as defined in [alg.sorting];
  • (2.2)
    !operator()(a, b) && !operator()(b, a) is true if and only if a.owner_equal(b) is true.
— end note]

20.3.2.5 Struct owner_hash [util.smartptr.owner.hash]

1
#
The class owner_hash provides ownership-based hashing.
🔗
namespace std { struct owner_hash { template<class T> size_t operator()(const shared_ptr<T>&) const noexcept; template<class T> size_t operator()(const weak_ptr<T>&) const noexcept; using is_transparent = unspecified; }; }
🔗
template<class T> size_t operator()(const shared_ptr<T>& x) const noexcept; template<class T> size_t operator()(const weak_ptr<T>& x) const noexcept;
2
#
Returns: x.owner_hash().
3
#
[Note 1: 
For any object y where x.owner_equal(y) is true, x.owner_hash() == y.owner_hash() is true.
— end note]

20.3.2.6 Struct owner_equal [util.smartptr.owner.equal]

1
#
The class owner_equal provides ownership-based mixed equality comparisons of shared and weak pointers.
🔗
namespace std { struct owner_equal { template<class T, class U> bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>&, const shared_ptr<U>&) const noexcept; template<class T, class U> bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>&, const weak_ptr<U>&) const noexcept; template<class T, class U> bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>&, const shared_ptr<U>&) const noexcept; template<class T, class U> bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>&, const weak_ptr<U>&) const noexcept; using is_transparent = unspecified; }; }
🔗
template<class T, class U> bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>& x, const shared_ptr<U>& y) const noexcept; template<class T, class U> bool operator()(const shared_ptr<T>& x, const weak_ptr<U>& y) const noexcept; template<class T, class U> bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>& x, const shared_ptr<U>& y) const noexcept; template<class T, class U> bool operator()(const weak_ptr<T>& x, const weak_ptr<U>& y) const noexcept;
2
#
Returns: x.owner_equal(y).
3
#
[Note 1: 
x.owner_equal(y) is true if and only if x and y share ownership or are both empty.
— end note]

20.3.2.7 Class template enable_shared_from_this [util.smartptr.enab]

1
#
A class T can inherit from enable_shared_from_this<T> to inherit the shared_from_this member functions that obtain a shared_ptr instance pointing to *this.
2
#
[Example 1: struct X: public enable_shared_from_this<X> { }; int main() { shared_ptr<X> p(new X); shared_ptr<X> q = p->shared_from_this(); assert(p == q); assert(p.owner_equal(q)); // p and q share ownership } — end example]
namespace std { template<class T> class enable_shared_from_this { protected: constexpr enable_shared_from_this() noexcept; enable_shared_from_this(const enable_shared_from_this&) noexcept; enable_shared_from_this& operator=(const enable_shared_from_this&) noexcept; ~enable_shared_from_this(); public: shared_ptr<T> shared_from_this(); shared_ptr<T const> shared_from_this() const; weak_ptr<T> weak_from_this() noexcept; weak_ptr<T const> weak_from_this() const noexcept; private: mutable weak_ptr<T> weak_this; // exposition only }; }
3
#
The template parameter T of enable_shared_from_this may be an incomplete type.
🔗
constexpr enable_shared_from_this() noexcept; enable_shared_from_this(const enable_shared_from_this<T>&) noexcept;
4
#
Effects: Value-initializes weak_this.
🔗
enable_shared_from_this<T>& operator=(const enable_shared_from_this<T>&) noexcept;
5
#
Returns: *this.
6
#
[Note 1: 
weak_this is not changed.
— end note]
🔗
shared_ptr<T> shared_from_this(); shared_ptr<T const> shared_from_this() const;
7
#
Returns: shared_ptr<T>(weak_this).
🔗
weak_ptr<T> weak_from_this() noexcept; weak_ptr<T const> weak_from_this() const noexcept;
8
#
Returns: weak_this.

20.3.3 Smart pointer hash support [util.smartptr.hash]

🔗
template<class T, class D> struct hash<unique_ptr<T, D>>;
1
#
Letting UP be unique_ptr<T, D>, the specialization hash<UP> is enabled ([unord.hash]) if and only if hash<typename UP​::​pointer> is enabled.
When enabled, for an object p of type UP, hash<UP>()(p) evaluates to the same value as hash<typename UP​::​pointer>()(p.get()).
The member functions are not guaranteed to be noexcept.
🔗
template<class T> struct hash<shared_ptr<T>>;
2
#
For an object p of type shared_ptr<T>, hash<shared_ptr<T>>()(p) evaluates to the same value as hash<typename shared_ptr<T>​::​element_type*>()(p.get()).

20.3.4 Smart pointer adaptors [smartptr.adapt]

20.3.4.1 Class template out_ptr_t [out.ptr.t]

1
#
out_ptr_t is a class template used to adapt types such as smart pointers ([smartptr]) for functions that use output pointer parameters.
2
#
[Example 1: 
#include <memory> #include <cstdio> int fopen_s(std::FILE** f, const char* name, const char* mode); struct fclose_deleter { void operator()(std::FILE* f) const noexcept { std::fclose(f); } }; int main(int, char*[]) { constexpr const char* file_name = "ow.o"; std::unique_ptr<std::FILE, fclose_deleter> file_ptr; int err = fopen_s(std::out_ptr<std::FILE*>(file_ptr), file_name, "r+b"); if (err != 0) return 1; // *file_ptr is valid return 0; } unique_ptr can be used with out_ptr to be passed into an output pointer-style function, without needing to hold onto an intermediate pointer value and manually delete it on error or failure.
— end example]
🔗
namespace std { template<class Smart, class Pointer, class... Args> class out_ptr_t { public: explicit out_ptr_t(Smart&, Args...); out_ptr_t(const out_ptr_t&) = delete; ~out_ptr_t(); operator Pointer*() const noexcept; operator void**() const noexcept; private: Smart& s; // exposition only tuple<Args...> a; // exposition only Pointer p; // exposition only }; }
3
#
Pointer shall meet the Cpp17NullablePointer requirements.
If Smart is a specialization of shared_ptr and sizeof...(Args) == 0, the program is ill-formed.
[Note 1: 
It is typically a user error to reset a shared_ptr without specifying a deleter, as shared_ptr will replace a custom deleter upon usage of reset, as specified in [util.smartptr.shared.mod].
— end note]
4
#
Program-defined specializations of out_ptr_t that depend on at least one program-defined type need not meet the requirements for the primary template.
5
#
Evaluations of the conversion functions on the same object may conflict ([intro.races]).
🔗
explicit out_ptr_t(Smart& smart, Args... args);
6
#
Effects: Initializes s with smart, a with std​::​forward<Args>(args)..., and value-initializes p.
Then, equivalent to:
  • (6.1)
    s.reset(); if the expression s.reset() is well-formed;
  • (6.2)
    otherwise, s = Smart(); if is_constructible_v<Smart> is true;
  • (6.3)
    otherwise, the program is ill-formed.
7
#
[Note 2: 
The constructor is not noexcept to allow for a variety of non-terminating and safe implementation strategies.
For example, an implementation can allocate a shared_ptr's internal node in the constructor and let implementation-defined exceptions escape safely.
The destructor can then move the allocated control block in directly and avoid any other exceptions.
— end note]
🔗
~out_ptr_t();
8
#
Let SP be POINTER_OF_OR(Smart, Pointer) ([memory.general]).
9
#
Effects: Equivalent to:
  • (9.1)
    -- if (p) { apply([&](auto&&... args) { s.reset(static_cast<SP>(p), std::forward<Args>(args)...); }, std::move(a)); } if the expression s.reset(static_cast<SP>(p), std​::​forward<Args>(args)...) is well-
    formed;
  • (9.2)
    otherwise, if (p) { apply([&](auto&&... args) { s = Smart(static_cast<SP>(p), std::forward<Args>(args)...); }, std::move(a)); } if is_constructible_v<Smart, SP, Args...> is true;
  • (9.3)
    otherwise, the program is ill-formed.
🔗
operator Pointer*() const noexcept;
10
#
Preconditions: operator void**() has not been called on *this.
11
#
Returns: addressof(const_cast<Pointer&>(p)).
🔗
operator void**() const noexcept;
12
#
Constraints: is_same_v<Pointer, void*> is false.
13
#
Mandates: is_pointer_v<Pointer> is true.
14
#
Preconditions: operator Pointer*() has not been called on *this.
15
#
Returns: A pointer value v such that:
  • (15.1)
    the initial value *v is equivalent to static_cast<void*>(p) and
  • (15.2)
    any modification of *v that is not followed by a subsequent modification of *this affects the value of p during the destruction of *this, such that static_cast<void*>(p) == *v.
16
#
Remarks: Accessing *v outside the lifetime of *this has undefined behavior.
17
#
[Note 3: 
reinterpret_cast<void**>(static_cast<Pointer*>(*this)) can be a viable implementation strategy for some implementations.
— end note]

20.3.4.2 Function template out_ptr [out.ptr]

🔗
template<class Pointer = void, class Smart, class... Args> auto out_ptr(Smart& s, Args&&... args);
1
#
Let P be Pointer if is_void_v<Pointer> is false, otherwise POINTER_OF(Smart).
2
#
Returns: out_ptr_t<Smart, P, Args&&...>(s, std​::​forward<Args>(args)...)

20.3.4.3 Class template inout_ptr_t [inout.ptr.t]

1
#
inout_ptr_t is a class template used to adapt types such as smart pointers ([smartptr]) for functions that use output pointer parameters whose dereferenced values may first be deleted before being set to another allocated value.
2
#
[Example 1: #include <memory> struct star_fish* star_fish_alloc(); int star_fish_populate(struct star_fish** ps, const char* description); struct star_fish_deleter { void operator() (struct star_fish* c) const noexcept; }; using star_fish_ptr = std::unique_ptr<star_fish, star_fish_deleter>; int main(int, char*[]) { star_fish_ptr peach(star_fish_alloc()); // ... // used, need to re-make int err = star_fish_populate(std::inout_ptr(peach), "caring clown-fish liker"); return err; }
A unique_ptr can be used with inout_ptr to be passed into an output pointer-style function.
The original value will be properly deleted according to the function it is used with and a new value reset in its place.
— end example]
🔗
namespace std { template<class Smart, class Pointer, class... Args> class inout_ptr_t { public: explicit inout_ptr_t(Smart&, Args...); inout_ptr_t(const inout_ptr_t&) = delete; ~inout_ptr_t(); operator Pointer*() const noexcept; operator void**() const noexcept; private: Smart& s; // exposition only tuple<Args...> a; // exposition only Pointer p; // exposition only }; }
3
#
Pointer shall meet the Cpp17NullablePointer requirements.
If Smart is a specialization of shared_ptr, the program is ill-formed.
[Note 1: 
It is impossible to properly acquire unique ownership of the managed resource from a shared_ptr given its shared ownership model.
— end note]
4
#
Program-defined specializations of inout_ptr_t that depend on at least one program-defined type need not meet the requirements for the primary template.
5
#
Evaluations of the conversion functions on the same object may conflict ([intro.races]).
🔗
explicit inout_ptr_t(Smart& smart, Args... args);
6
#
Effects: Initializes s with smart, a with std​::​forward<Args>(args)..., and p to either
  • (6.1)
    smart if is_pointer_v<Smart> is true,
  • (6.2)
    otherwise, smart.get().
7
#
Remarks: An implementation can call s.release().
8
#
[Note 2: 
The constructor is not noexcept to allow for a variety of non-terminating and safe implementation strategies.
For example, an intrusive pointer implementation with a control block can allocate in the constructor and safely fail with an exception.
— end note]
🔗
~inout_ptr_t();
9
#
Let SP be POINTER_OF_OR(Smart, Pointer) ([memory.general]).
10
#
Let release-statement be s.release(); if an implementation does not call s.release() in the constructor.
Otherwise, it is empty.
11
#
Effects: Equivalent to:
  • (11.1)
    -- apply([&](auto&&... args) { s = Smart(static_cast<SP>(p), std::forward<Args>(args)...); }, std::move(a)); if is_pointer_v<Smart> is true;
  • (11.2)
    otherwise, release-statement; if (p) { apply([&](auto&&... args) { s.reset(static_cast<SP>(p), std::forward<Args>(args)...); }, std::move(a)); } if the expression s.reset(static_cast<SP>(p), std​::​forward<Args>(args)...) is well-
    formed;
  • (11.3)
    otherwise, release-statement; if (p) { apply([&](auto&&... args) { s = Smart(static_cast<SP>(p), std::forward<Args>(args)...); }, std::move(a)); } if is_constructible_v<Smart, SP, Args...> is true;
  • (11.4)
    otherwise, the program is ill-formed.
🔗
operator Pointer*() const noexcept;
12
#
Preconditions: operator void**() has not been called on *this.
13
#
Returns: addressof(const_cast<Pointer&>(p)).
🔗
operator void**() const noexcept;
14
#
Constraints: is_same_v<Pointer, void*> is false.
15
#
Mandates: is_pointer_v<Pointer> is true.
16
#
Preconditions: operator Pointer*() has not been called on *this.
17
#
Returns: A pointer value v such that:
  • (17.1)
    the initial value *v is equivalent to static_cast<void*>(p) and
  • (17.2)
    any modification of *v that is not followed by subsequent modification of *this affects the value of p during the destruction of *this, such that static_cast<void*>(p) == *v.
18
#
Remarks: Accessing *v outside the lifetime of *this has undefined behavior.
19
#
[Note 3: 
reinterpret_cast<void**>(static_cast<Pointer*>(*this)) can be a viable implementation strategy for some implementations.
— end note]

20.3.4.4 Function template inout_ptr [inout.ptr]

🔗
template<class Pointer = void, class Smart, class... Args> auto inout_ptr(Smart& s, Args&&... args);
1
#
Let P be Pointer if is_void_v<Pointer> is false, otherwise POINTER_OF(Smart).
2
#
Returns: inout_ptr_t<Smart, P, Args&&...>(s, std​::​forward<Args>(args)...).

20.4 Memory resources [mem.res]

20.4.1 Header <memory_resource> synopsis [mem.res.syn]

🔗
namespace std::pmr { // [mem.res.class], class memory_resource class memory_resource; bool operator==(const memory_resource& a, const memory_resource& b) noexcept; // [mem.poly.allocator.class], class template polymorphic_allocator template<class Tp = byte> class polymorphic_allocator; template<class T1, class T2> bool operator==(const polymorphic_allocator<T1>& a, const polymorphic_allocator<T2>& b) noexcept; // [mem.res.global], global memory resources memory_resource* new_delete_resource() noexcept; memory_resource* null_memory_resource() noexcept; memory_resource* set_default_resource(memory_resource* r) noexcept; memory_resource* get_default_resource() noexcept; // [mem.res.pool], pool resource classes struct pool_options; class synchronized_pool_resource; class unsynchronized_pool_resource; class monotonic_buffer_resource; }

20.4.2 Class memory_resource [mem.res.class]

20.4.2.1 General [mem.res.class.general]

1
#
The memory_resource class is an abstract interface to an unbounded set of classes encapsulating memory resources.
🔗
namespace std::pmr { class memory_resource { static constexpr size_t max_align = alignof(max_align_t); // exposition only public: memory_resource() = default; memory_resource(const memory_resource&) = default; virtual ~memory_resource(); memory_resource& operator=(const memory_resource&) = default; [[nodiscard]] void* allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment = max_align); void deallocate(void* p, size_t bytes, size_t alignment = max_align); bool is_equal(const memory_resource& other) const noexcept; private: virtual void* do_allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment) = 0; virtual void do_deallocate(void* p, size_t bytes, size_t alignment) = 0; virtual bool do_is_equal(const memory_resource& other) const noexcept = 0; }; }

20.4.2.2 Public member functions [mem.res.public]

🔗
~memory_resource();
1
#
Effects: Destroys this memory_resource.
🔗
[[nodiscard]] void* allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment = max_align);
2
#
Effects: Allocates storage by calling do_allocate(bytes, alignment) and implicitly creates objects within the allocated region of storage.
3
#
Returns: A pointer to a suitable created object ([intro.object]) in the allocated region of storage.
4
#
Throws: What and when the call to do_allocate throws.
🔗
void deallocate(void* p, size_t bytes, size_t alignment = max_align);
5
#
Effects: Equivalent to do_deallocate(p, bytes, alignment).
🔗
bool is_equal(const memory_resource& other) const noexcept;
6
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return do_is_equal(other);

20.4.2.3 Private virtual member functions [mem.res.private]

🔗
virtual void* do_allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment) = 0;
1
#
Preconditions: alignment is a power of two.
2
#
Returns: A derived class shall implement this function to return a pointer to allocated storage ([basic.stc.dynamic.allocation]) with a size of at least bytes, aligned to the specified alignment.
3
#
Throws: A derived class implementation shall throw an appropriate exception if it is unable to allocate memory with the requested size and alignment.
🔗
virtual void do_deallocate(void* p, size_t bytes, size_t alignment) = 0;
4
#
Preconditions: p was returned from a prior call to allocate(bytes, alignment) on a memory resource equal to *this, and the storage at p has not yet been deallocated.
5
#
Effects: A derived class shall implement this function to dispose of allocated storage.
6
#
Throws: Nothing.
🔗
virtual bool do_is_equal(const memory_resource& other) const noexcept = 0;
7
#
Returns: A derived class shall implement this function to return true if memory allocated from this can be deallocated from other and vice-versa, otherwise false.
[Note 1: 
It is possible that the most-derived type of other does not match the type of this.
For a derived class D, an implementation of this function can immediately return false if dynamic_cast<const D*>(&other) == nullptr.
— end note]

20.4.2.4 Equality [mem.res.eq]

🔗
bool operator==(const memory_resource& a, const memory_resource& b) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: &a == &b || a.is_equal(b).

20.4.3 Class template polymorphic_allocator [mem.poly.allocator.class]

20.4.3.1 General [mem.poly.allocator.class.general]

1
#
A specialization of class template pmr​::​polymorphic_allocator meets the Cpp17Allocator requirements ([allocator.requirements.general]) if its template argument is a cv-unqualified object type.
Constructed with different memory resources, different instances of the same specialization of pmr​::​polymorphic_allocator can exhibit entirely different allocation behavior.
This runtime polymorphism allows objects that use polymorphic_allocator to behave as if they used different allocator types at run time even though they use the same static allocator type.
2
#
A specialization of class template pmr​::​polymorphic_allocator meets the allocator completeness requirements ([allocator.requirements.completeness]) if its template argument is a cv-unqualified object type.
🔗
namespace std::pmr { template<class Tp = byte> class polymorphic_allocator { memory_resource* memory_rsrc; // exposition only public: using value_type = Tp; // [mem.poly.allocator.ctor], constructors polymorphic_allocator() noexcept; polymorphic_allocator(memory_resource* r); polymorphic_allocator(const polymorphic_allocator& other) = default; template<class U> polymorphic_allocator(const polymorphic_allocator<U>& other) noexcept; polymorphic_allocator& operator=(const polymorphic_allocator&) = delete; // [mem.poly.allocator.mem], member functions [[nodiscard]] Tp* allocate(size_t n); void deallocate(Tp* p, size_t n); [[nodiscard]] void* allocate_bytes(size_t nbytes, size_t alignment = alignof(max_align_t)); void deallocate_bytes(void* p, size_t nbytes, size_t alignment = alignof(max_align_t)); template<class T> [[nodiscard]] T* allocate_object(size_t n = 1); template<class T> void deallocate_object(T* p, size_t n = 1); template<class T, class... CtorArgs> [[nodiscard]] T* new_object(CtorArgs&&... ctor_args); template<class T> void delete_object(T* p); template<class T, class... Args> void construct(T* p, Args&&... args); polymorphic_allocator select_on_container_copy_construction() const; memory_resource* resource() const; // friends friend bool operator==(const polymorphic_allocator& a, const polymorphic_allocator& b) noexcept { return *a.resource() == *b.resource(); } }; }

20.4.3.2 Constructors [mem.poly.allocator.ctor]

🔗
polymorphic_allocator() noexcept;
1
#
Effects: Sets memory_rsrc to get_default_resource().
🔗
polymorphic_allocator(memory_resource* r);
2
#
Preconditions: r is non-null.
3
#
Effects: Sets memory_rsrc to r.
4
#
Throws: Nothing.
5
#
[Note 1: 
This constructor provides an implicit conversion from memory_resource*.
— end note]
🔗
template<class U> polymorphic_allocator(const polymorphic_allocator<U>& other) noexcept;
6
#
Effects: Sets memory_rsrc to other.resource().

20.4.3.3 Member functions [mem.poly.allocator.mem]

🔗
[[nodiscard]] Tp* allocate(size_t n);
1
#
Effects: If numeric_limits<size_t>​::​max() / sizeof(Tp) < n, throws bad_array_new_length.
Otherwise equivalent to: return static_cast<Tp*>(memory_rsrc->allocate(n * sizeof(Tp), alignof(Tp)));
🔗
void deallocate(Tp* p, size_t n);
2
#
Preconditions: p was allocated from a memory resource x, equal to *memory_rsrc, using x.allocate(n * sizeof(Tp), alignof(Tp)).
3
#
Effects: Equivalent to memory_rsrc->deallocate(p, n * sizeof(Tp), alignof(Tp)).
4
#
Throws: Nothing.
🔗
[[nodiscard]] void* allocate_bytes(size_t nbytes, size_t alignment = alignof(max_align_t));
5
#
Effects: Equivalent to: return memory_rsrc->allocate(nbytes, alignment);
6
#
[Note 1: 
The return type is void* (rather than, e.g., byte*) to support conversion to an arbitrary pointer type U* by static_cast<U*>, thus facilitating construction of a U object in the allocated memory.
— end note]
🔗
void deallocate_bytes(void* p, size_t nbytes, size_t alignment = alignof(max_align_t));
7
#
Effects: Equivalent to memory_rsrc->deallocate(p, nbytes, alignment).
🔗
template<class T> [[nodiscard]] T* allocate_object(size_t n = 1);
8
#
Effects: Allocates memory suitable for holding an array of n objects of type T, as follows:
  • (8.1)
    if numeric_limits<size_t>​::​max() / sizeof(T) < n, throws bad_array_new_length,
  • (8.2)
    otherwise equivalent to: return static_cast<T*>(allocate_bytes(n*sizeof(T), alignof(T)));
9
#
[Note 2: 
T is not deduced and must therefore be provided as a template argument.
— end note]
🔗
template<class T> void deallocate_object(T* p, size_t n = 1);
10
#
Effects: Equivalent to deallocate_bytes(p, n*sizeof(T), alignof(T)).
🔗
template<class T, class... CtorArgs> [[nodiscard]] T* new_object(CtorArgs&&... ctor_args);
11
#
Effects: Allocates and constructs an object of type T, as follows.

Equivalent to: T* p = allocate_object<T>(); try { construct(p, std::forward<CtorArgs>(ctor_args)...); } catch (...) { deallocate_object(p); throw; } return p;
12
#
[Note 3: 
T is not deduced and must therefore be provided as a template argument.
— end note]
🔗
template<class T> void delete_object(T* p);
13
#
Effects: Equivalent to: allocator_traits<polymorphic_allocator>::destroy(*this, p); deallocate_object(p);
🔗
template<class T, class... Args> void construct(T* p, Args&&... args);
14
#
Mandates: Uses-allocator construction of T with allocator *this (see [allocator.uses.construction]) and constructor arguments std​::​forward<Args>(args)... is well-formed.
15
#
Effects: Construct a T object in the storage whose address is represented by p by uses-allocator construction with allocator *this and constructor arguments std​::​forward<Args>(args)....
16
#
Throws: Nothing unless the constructor for T throws.
🔗
polymorphic_allocator select_on_container_copy_construction() const;
17
#
Returns: polymorphic_allocator().
18
#
[Note 4: 
The memory resource is not propagated.
— end note]
🔗
memory_resource* resource() const;
19
#
Returns: memory_rsrc.

20.4.3.4 Equality [mem.poly.allocator.eq]

🔗
template<class T1, class T2> bool operator==(const polymorphic_allocator<T1>& a, const polymorphic_allocator<T2>& b) noexcept;
1
#
Returns: *a.resource() == *b.resource().

20.4.4 Access to program-wide memory_resource objects [mem.res.global]

🔗
memory_resource* new_delete_resource() noexcept;
1
#
Returns: A pointer to a static-duration object of a type derived from memory_resource that can serve as a resource for allocating memory using ​::​operator new and ​::​operator delete.
The same value is returned every time this function is called.
For a return value p and a memory resource r, p->is_equal(r) returns &r == p.
🔗
memory_resource* null_memory_resource() noexcept;
2
#
Returns: A pointer to a static-duration object of a type derived from memory_resource for which allocate() always throws bad_alloc and for which deallocate() has no effect.
The same value is returned every time this function is called.
For a return value p and a memory resource r, p->is_equal(r) returns &r == p.
3
#
The default memory resource pointer is a pointer to a memory resource that is used by certain facilities when an explicit memory resource is not supplied through the interface.
Its initial value is the return value of new_delete_resource().
🔗
memory_resource* set_default_resource(memory_resource* r) noexcept;
4
#
Effects: If r is non-null, sets the value of the default memory resource pointer to r, otherwise sets the default memory resource pointer to new_delete_resource().
5
#
Returns: The previous value of the default memory resource pointer.
6
#
Remarks: Calling the set_default_resource and get_default_resource functions shall not incur a data race.
A call to the set_default_resource function shall synchronize with subsequent calls to the set_default_resource and get_default_resource functions.
🔗
memory_resource* get_default_resource() noexcept;
7
#
Returns: The current value of the default memory resource pointer.

20.4.5 Pool resource classes [mem.res.pool]

20.4.5.1 Classes synchronized_pool_resource and unsynchronized_pool_resource [mem.res.pool.overview]

1
#
The synchronized_pool_resource and unsynchronized_pool_resource classes (collectively called pool resource classes) are general-purpose memory resources having the following qualities:
  • (1.1)
    Each resource frees its allocated memory on destruction, even if deallocate has not been called for some of the allocated blocks.
  • (1.2)
    A pool resource consists of a collection of pools, serving requests for different block sizes.
    Each individual pool manages a collection of chunks that are in turn divided into blocks of uniform size, returned via calls to do_allocate.
    Each call to do_allocate(size, alignment) is dispatched to the pool serving the smallest blocks accommodating at least size bytes.
  • (1.3)
    When a particular pool is exhausted, allocating a block from that pool results in the allocation of an additional chunk of memory from the upstream allocator (supplied at construction), thus replenishing the pool.
    With each successive replenishment, the chunk size obtained increases geometrically.
    [Note 1: 
    By allocating memory in chunks, the pooling strategy increases the chance that consecutive allocations will be close together in memory.
    — end note]
  • (1.4)
    Allocation requests that exceed the largest block size of any pool are fulfilled directly from the upstream allocator.
  • (1.5)
    A pool_options struct may be passed to the pool resource constructors to tune the largest block size and the maximum chunk size.
2
#
A synchronized_pool_resource may be accessed from multiple threads without external synchronization and may have thread-specific pools to reduce synchronization costs.
An unsynchronized_pool_resource class may not be accessed from multiple threads simultaneously and thus avoids the cost of synchronization entirely in single-threaded applications.
🔗
namespace std::pmr { struct pool_options { size_t max_blocks_per_chunk = 0; size_t largest_required_pool_block = 0; }; class synchronized_pool_resource : public memory_resource { public: synchronized_pool_resource(const pool_options& opts, memory_resource* upstream); synchronized_pool_resource() : synchronized_pool_resource(pool_options(), get_default_resource()) {} explicit synchronized_pool_resource(memory_resource* upstream) : synchronized_pool_resource(pool_options(), upstream) {} explicit synchronized_pool_resource(const pool_options& opts) : synchronized_pool_resource(opts, get_default_resource()) {} synchronized_pool_resource(const synchronized_pool_resource&) = delete; virtual ~synchronized_pool_resource(); synchronized_pool_resource& operator=(const synchronized_pool_resource&) = delete; void release(); memory_resource* upstream_resource() const; pool_options options() const; protected: void* do_allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment) override; void do_deallocate(void* p, size_t bytes, size_t alignment) override; bool do_is_equal(const memory_resource& other) const noexcept override; }; class unsynchronized_pool_resource : public memory_resource { public: unsynchronized_pool_resource(const pool_options& opts, memory_resource* upstream); unsynchronized_pool_resource() : unsynchronized_pool_resource(pool_options(), get_default_resource()) {} explicit unsynchronized_pool_resource(memory_resource* upstream) : unsynchronized_pool_resource(pool_options(), upstream) {} explicit unsynchronized_pool_resource(const pool_options& opts) : unsynchronized_pool_resource(opts, get_default_resource()) {} unsynchronized_pool_resource(const unsynchronized_pool_resource&) = delete; virtual ~unsynchronized_pool_resource(); unsynchronized_pool_resource& operator=(const unsynchronized_pool_resource&) = delete; void release(); memory_resource* upstream_resource() const; pool_options options() const; protected: void* do_allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment) override; void do_deallocate(void* p, size_t bytes, size_t alignment) override; bool do_is_equal(const memory_resource& other) const noexcept override; }; }

20.4.5.2 pool_options data members [mem.res.pool.options]

1
#
The members of pool_options comprise a set of constructor options for pool resources.
The effect of each option on the pool resource behavior is described below:
🔗
size_t max_blocks_per_chunk;
2
#
The maximum number of blocks that will be allocated at once from the upstream memory resource ([mem.res.monotonic.buffer]) to replenish a pool.
If the value of max_blocks_per_chunk is zero or is greater than an implementation-defined limit, that limit is used instead.
The implementation may choose to use a smaller value than is specified in this member and may use different values for different pools.
🔗
size_t largest_required_pool_block;
3
#
The largest allocation size that is required to be fulfilled using the pooling mechanism.
Attempts to allocate a single block larger than this threshold will be allocated directly from the upstream memory resource.
If largest_required_pool_block is zero or is greater than an implementation-defined limit, that limit is used instead.
The implementation may choose a pass-through threshold larger than specified in this member.

20.4.5.3 Constructors and destructors [mem.res.pool.ctor]

🔗
synchronized_pool_resource(const pool_options& opts, memory_resource* upstream); unsynchronized_pool_resource(const pool_options& opts, memory_resource* upstream);
1
#
Preconditions: upstream is the address of a valid memory resource.
2
#
Effects: Constructs a pool resource object that will obtain memory from upstream whenever the pool resource is unable to satisfy a memory request from its own internal data structures.
The resulting object will hold a copy of upstream, but will not own the resource to which upstream points.
[Note 1: 
The intention is that calls to upstream->allocate() will be substantially fewer than calls to this->allocate() in most cases.
— end note]
The behavior of the pooling mechanism is tuned according to the value of the opts argument.
3
#
Throws: Nothing unless upstream->allocate() throws.
It is unspecified if, or under what conditions, this constructor calls upstream->allocate().
🔗
virtual ~synchronized_pool_resource(); virtual ~unsynchronized_pool_resource();
4
#
Effects: Calls release().

20.4.5.4 Members [mem.res.pool.mem]

🔗
void release();
1
#
Effects: Calls upstream_resource()->deallocate() as necessary to release all allocated memory.
[Note 1: 
The memory is released back to upstream_resource() even if deallocate has not been called for some of the allocated blocks.
— end note]
🔗
memory_resource* upstream_resource() const;
2
#
Returns: The value of the upstream argument provided to the constructor of this object.
🔗
pool_options options() const;
3
#
Returns: The options that control the pooling behavior of this resource.
The values in the returned struct may differ from those supplied to the pool resource constructor in that values of zero will be replaced with implementation-defined defaults, and sizes may be rounded to unspecified granularity.
🔗
void* do_allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment) override;
4
#
Effects: If the pool selected for a block of size bytes is unable to satisfy the memory request from its own internal data structures, it will call upstream_resource()->allocate() to obtain more memory.
If bytes is larger than that which the largest pool can handle, then memory will be allocated using upstream_resource()->allocate().
5
#
Returns: A pointer to allocated storage ([basic.stc.dynamic.allocation]) with a size of at least bytes.
The size and alignment of the allocated memory shall meet the requirements for a class derived from memory_resource ([mem.res.class]).
6
#
Throws: Nothing unless upstream_resource()->allocate() throws.
🔗
void do_deallocate(void* p, size_t bytes, size_t alignment) override;
7
#
Effects: Returns the memory at p to the pool.
It is unspecified if, or under what circumstances, this operation will result in a call to upstream_resource()->deallocate().
8
#
Throws: Nothing.
🔗
bool do_is_equal(const memory_resource& other) const noexcept override;
9
#
Returns: this == &other.

20.4.6 Class monotonic_buffer_resource [mem.res.monotonic.buffer]

20.4.6.1 General [mem.res.monotonic.buffer.general]

1
#
A monotonic_buffer_resource is a special-purpose memory resource intended for very fast memory allocations in situations where memory is used to build up a few objects and then is released all at once when the memory resource object is destroyed.
🔗
namespace std::pmr { class monotonic_buffer_resource : public memory_resource { memory_resource* upstream_rsrc; // exposition only void* current_buffer; // exposition only size_t next_buffer_size; // exposition only public: explicit monotonic_buffer_resource(memory_resource* upstream); monotonic_buffer_resource(size_t initial_size, memory_resource* upstream); monotonic_buffer_resource(void* buffer, size_t buffer_size, memory_resource* upstream); monotonic_buffer_resource() : monotonic_buffer_resource(get_default_resource()) {} explicit monotonic_buffer_resource(size_t initial_size) : monotonic_buffer_resource(initial_size, get_default_resource()) {} monotonic_buffer_resource(void* buffer, size_t buffer_size) : monotonic_buffer_resource(buffer, buffer_size, get_default_resource()) {} monotonic_buffer_resource(const monotonic_buffer_resource&) = delete; virtual ~monotonic_buffer_resource(); monotonic_buffer_resource& operator=(const monotonic_buffer_resource&) = delete; void release(); memory_resource* upstream_resource() const; protected: void* do_allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment) override; void do_deallocate(void* p, size_t bytes, size_t alignment) override; bool do_is_equal(const memory_resource& other) const noexcept override; }; }

20.4.6.2 Constructors and destructor [mem.res.monotonic.buffer.ctor]

🔗
explicit monotonic_buffer_resource(memory_resource* upstream); monotonic_buffer_resource(size_t initial_size, memory_resource* upstream);
1
#
Preconditions: upstream is the address of a valid memory resource.
initial_size, if specified, is greater than zero.
2
#
Effects: Sets upstream_rsrc to upstream and current_buffer to nullptr.
If initial_size is specified, sets next_buffer_size to at least initial_size; otherwise sets next_buffer_size to an implementation-defined size.
🔗
monotonic_buffer_resource(void* buffer, size_t buffer_size, memory_resource* upstream);
3
#
Preconditions: upstream is the address of a valid memory resource.
buffer_size is no larger than the number of bytes in buffer.
4
#
Effects: Sets upstream_rsrc to upstream, current_buffer to buffer, and next_buffer_size to buffer_size (but not less than 1), then increases next_buffer_size by an implementation-defined growth factor (which need not be integral).
🔗
~monotonic_buffer_resource();
5
#
Effects: Calls release().

20.4.6.3 Members [mem.res.monotonic.buffer.mem]

🔗
void release();
1
#
Effects: Calls upstream_rsrc->deallocate() as necessary to release all allocated memory.
Resets current_buffer and next_buffer_size to their initial values at construction.
2
#
[Note 1: 
The memory is released back to upstream_rsrc even if some blocks that were allocated from this have not been deallocated from this.
— end note]
🔗
memory_resource* upstream_resource() const;
3
#
Returns: The value of upstream_rsrc.
🔗
void* do_allocate(size_t bytes, size_t alignment) override;
4
#
Effects: If the unused space in current_buffer can fit a block with the specified bytes and alignment, then allocate the return block from current_buffer; otherwise set current_buffer to upstream_rsrc->allocate(n, m), where n is not less than max(bytes, next_buffer_size) and m is not less than alignment, and increase next_buffer_size by an implementation-defined growth factor (which need not be integral), then allocate the return block from the newly-allocated current_buffer.
5
#
Returns: A pointer to allocated storage ([basic.stc.dynamic.allocation]) with a size of at least bytes.
The size and alignment of the allocated memory shall meet the requirements for a class derived from memory_resource ([mem.res.class]).
6
#
Throws: Nothing unless upstream_rsrc->allocate() throws.
🔗
void do_deallocate(void* p, size_t bytes, size_t alignment) override;
7
#
Effects: None.
8
#
Throws: Nothing.
9
#
Remarks: Memory used by this resource increases monotonically until its destruction.
🔗
bool do_is_equal(const memory_resource& other) const noexcept override;
10
#
Returns: this == &other.

20.5 Class template scoped_allocator_adaptor [allocator.adaptor]

20.5.1 Header <scoped_allocator> synopsis [allocator.adaptor.syn]

🔗
namespace std { // class template scoped_allocator_adaptor template<class OuterAlloc, class... InnerAlloc> class scoped_allocator_adaptor; // [scoped.adaptor.operators], scoped allocator operators template<class OuterA1, class OuterA2, class... InnerAllocs> bool operator==(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA1, InnerAllocs...>& a, const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>& b) noexcept; }
1
#
The class template scoped_allocator_adaptor is an allocator template that specifies an allocator resource (the outer allocator) to be used by a container (as any other allocator does) and also specifies an inner allocator resource to be passed to the constructor of every element within the container.
This adaptor is instantiated with one outer and zero or more inner allocator types.
If instantiated with only one allocator type, the inner allocator becomes the scoped_allocator_adaptor itself, thus using the same allocator resource for the container and every element within the container and, if the elements themselves are containers, each of their elements recursively.
If instantiated with more than one allocator, the first allocator is the outer allocator for use by the container, the second allocator is passed to the constructors of the container's elements, and, if the elements themselves are containers, the third allocator is passed to the elements' elements, and so on.
If containers are nested to a depth greater than the number of allocators, the last allocator is used repeatedly, as in the single-allocator case, for any remaining recursions.
[Note 1: 
The scoped_allocator_adaptor is derived from the outer allocator type so it can be substituted for the outer allocator type in most expressions.
— end note]
🔗
namespace std { template<class OuterAlloc, class... InnerAllocs> class scoped_allocator_adaptor : public OuterAlloc { private: using OuterTraits = allocator_traits<OuterAlloc>; // exposition only scoped_allocator_adaptor<InnerAllocs...> inner; // exposition only public: using outer_allocator_type = OuterAlloc; using inner_allocator_type = see below; using value_type = typename OuterTraits::value_type; using size_type = typename OuterTraits::size_type; using difference_type = typename OuterTraits::difference_type; using pointer = typename OuterTraits::pointer; using const_pointer = typename OuterTraits::const_pointer; using void_pointer = typename OuterTraits::void_pointer; using const_void_pointer = typename OuterTraits::const_void_pointer; using propagate_on_container_copy_assignment = see below; using propagate_on_container_move_assignment = see below; using propagate_on_container_swap = see below; using is_always_equal = see below; template<class Tp> struct rebind { using other = scoped_allocator_adaptor< OuterTraits::template rebind_alloc<Tp>, InnerAllocs...>; }; scoped_allocator_adaptor(); template<class OuterA2> scoped_allocator_adaptor(OuterA2&& outerAlloc, const InnerAllocs&... innerAllocs) noexcept; scoped_allocator_adaptor(const scoped_allocator_adaptor& other) noexcept; scoped_allocator_adaptor(scoped_allocator_adaptor&& other) noexcept; template<class OuterA2> scoped_allocator_adaptor( const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>& other) noexcept; template<class OuterA2> scoped_allocator_adaptor( scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>&& other) noexcept; scoped_allocator_adaptor& operator=(const scoped_allocator_adaptor&) = default; scoped_allocator_adaptor& operator=(scoped_allocator_adaptor&&) = default; ~scoped_allocator_adaptor(); inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() noexcept; const inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() const noexcept; outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() noexcept; const outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() const noexcept; [[nodiscard]] pointer allocate(size_type n); [[nodiscard]] pointer allocate(size_type n, const_void_pointer hint); void deallocate(pointer p, size_type n); size_type max_size() const; template<class T, class... Args> void construct(T* p, Args&&... args); template<class T> void destroy(T* p); scoped_allocator_adaptor select_on_container_copy_construction() const; }; template<class OuterAlloc, class... InnerAllocs> scoped_allocator_adaptor(OuterAlloc, InnerAllocs...) -> scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterAlloc, InnerAllocs...>; }

20.5.2 Member types [allocator.adaptor.types]

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using inner_allocator_type = see below;
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Type: scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterAlloc> if sizeof...(InnerAllocs) is zero; otherwise,
scoped_allocator_adaptor<InnerAllocs...>.
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using propagate_on_container_copy_assignment = see below;
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Type: true_type if allocator_traits<A>​::​propagate_on_container_copy_assignment​::​value is true for any A in the set of OuterAlloc and InnerAllocs...; otherwise, false_type.
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using propagate_on_container_move_assignment = see below;
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Type: true_type if allocator_traits<A>​::​propagate_on_container_move_assignment​::​value is true for any A in the set of OuterAlloc and InnerAllocs...; otherwise, false_type.
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using propagate_on_container_swap = see below;
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Type: true_type if allocator_traits<A>​::​propagate_on_container_swap​::​value is true for any A in the set of OuterAlloc and InnerAllocs...; otherwise, false_type.
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using is_always_equal = see below;
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Type: true_type if allocator_traits<A>​::​is_always_equal​::​value is true for every A in the set of OuterAlloc and InnerAllocs...; otherwise, false_type.

20.5.3 Constructors [allocator.adaptor.cnstr]

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scoped_allocator_adaptor();
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Effects: Value-initializes the OuterAlloc base class and the inner allocator object.
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template<class OuterA2> scoped_allocator_adaptor(OuterA2&& outerAlloc, const InnerAllocs&... innerAllocs) noexcept;
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Constraints: is_constructible_v<OuterAlloc, OuterA2> is true.
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Effects: Initializes the OuterAlloc base class with std​::​forward<OuterA2>(outerAlloc) and inner with innerAllocs... (hence recursively initializing each allocator within the adaptor with the corresponding allocator from the argument list).
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scoped_allocator_adaptor(const scoped_allocator_adaptor& other) noexcept;
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Effects: Initializes each allocator within the adaptor with the corresponding allocator from other.
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scoped_allocator_adaptor(scoped_allocator_adaptor&& other) noexcept;
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Effects: Move constructs each allocator within the adaptor with the corresponding allocator from other.
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template<class OuterA2> scoped_allocator_adaptor( const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>& other) noexcept;
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Constraints: is_constructible_v<OuterAlloc, const OuterA2&> is true.
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Effects: Initializes each allocator within the adaptor with the corresponding allocator from other.
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template<class OuterA2> scoped_allocator_adaptor(scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>&& other) noexcept;
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Constraints: is_constructible_v<OuterAlloc, OuterA2> is true.
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Effects: Initializes each allocator within the adaptor with the corresponding allocator rvalue from other.

20.5.4 Members [allocator.adaptor.members]

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In the construct member functions, OUTERMOST(x) is OUTERMOST(x.outer_allocator()) if the expression x.outer_allocator() is valid ([temp.deduct]) and x otherwise; OUTERMOST_ALLOC_TRAITS(x) is allocator_traits<remove_reference_t<decltype(OUTERMOST(x))>>.
[Note 1: 
OUTERMOST(x) and OUTERMOST_ALLOC_TRAITS(x) are recursive operations.
It is incumbent upon the definition of outer_allocator() to ensure that the recursion terminates.
It will terminate for all instantiations of scoped_allocator_adaptor.
— end note]
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inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() noexcept; const inner_allocator_type& inner_allocator() const noexcept;
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Returns: *this if sizeof...(InnerAllocs) is zero; otherwise, inner.
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outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() noexcept;
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Returns: static_cast<OuterAlloc&>(*this).
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const outer_allocator_type& outer_allocator() const noexcept;
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Returns: static_cast<const OuterAlloc&>(*this).
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[[nodiscard]] pointer allocate(size_type n);
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Returns: allocator_traits<OuterAlloc>​::​allocate(outer_allocator(), n).
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[[nodiscard]] pointer allocate(size_type n, const_void_pointer hint);
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Returns: allocator_traits<OuterAlloc>​::​allocate(outer_allocator(), n, hint).
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void deallocate(pointer p, size_type n) noexcept;
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Effects: As if by: allocator_traits<OuterAlloc>​::​deallocate(outer_allocator(), p, n);
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size_type max_size() const;
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Returns: allocator_traits<OuterAlloc>​::​max_size(outer_allocator()).
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template<class T, class... Args> void construct(T* p, Args&&... args);
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Effects: Equivalent to: apply([p, this](auto&&... newargs) { OUTERMOST_ALLOC_TRAITS(*this)::construct( OUTERMOST(*this), p, std::forward<decltype(newargs)>(newargs)...); }, uses_allocator_construction_args<T>(inner_allocator(), std::forward<Args>(args)...));
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template<class T> void destroy(T* p);
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Effects: Calls OUTERMOST_ALLOC_TRAITS(*this)​::​destroy(OUTERMOST(*this), p).
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scoped_allocator_adaptor select_on_container_copy_construction() const;
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Returns: A new scoped_allocator_adaptor object where each allocator a1 within the adaptor is initialized with allocator_traits<A1>​::​select_on_container_copy_construction(a2), where A1 is the type of a1 and a2 is the corresponding allocator in *this.

20.5.5 Operators [scoped.adaptor.operators]

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template<class OuterA1, class OuterA2, class... InnerAllocs> bool operator==(const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA1, InnerAllocs...>& a, const scoped_allocator_adaptor<OuterA2, InnerAllocs...>& b) noexcept;
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Returns: If sizeof...(InnerAllocs) is zero, a.outer_allocator() == b.outer_allocator() otherwise a.outer_allocator() == b.outer_allocator() && a.inner_allocator() == b.inner_allocator()