28 Localization library [localization]

28.4 Standard locale categories [locale.categories]

28.4.2 The ctype category [category.ctype]

28.4.2.2 Class template ctype [locale.ctype]

28.4.2.2.1 General [locale.ctype.general]

namespace std { template<class charT> class ctype : public locale::facet, public ctype_base { public: using char_type = charT; explicit ctype(size_t refs = 0); bool is(mask m, charT c) const; const charT* is(const charT* low, const charT* high, mask* vec) const; const charT* scan_is(mask m, const charT* low, const charT* high) const; const charT* scan_not(mask m, const charT* low, const charT* high) const; charT toupper(charT c) const; const charT* toupper(charT* low, const charT* high) const; charT tolower(charT c) const; const charT* tolower(charT* low, const charT* high) const; charT widen(char c) const; const char* widen(const char* low, const char* high, charT* to) const; char narrow(charT c, char dfault) const; const charT* narrow(const charT* low, const charT* high, char dfault, char* to) const; static locale::id id; protected: ~ctype(); virtual bool do_is(mask m, charT c) const; virtual const charT* do_is(const charT* low, const charT* high, mask* vec) const; virtual const charT* do_scan_is(mask m, const charT* low, const charT* high) const; virtual const charT* do_scan_not(mask m, const charT* low, const charT* high) const; virtual charT do_toupper(charT) const; virtual const charT* do_toupper(charT* low, const charT* high) const; virtual charT do_tolower(charT) const; virtual const charT* do_tolower(charT* low, const charT* high) const; virtual charT do_widen(char) const; virtual const char* do_widen(const char* low, const char* high, charT* dest) const; virtual char do_narrow(charT, char dfault) const; virtual const charT* do_narrow(const charT* low, const charT* high, char dfault, char* dest) const; }; }
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Class ctype encapsulates the C library <cctype> features.
istream members are required to use ctype<> for character classing during input parsing.
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The specializations required in Table 102 ([locale.category]), namely ctype<char> and ctype<wchar_­t>, implement character classing appropriate to the implementation's native character set.

28.4.2.2.2 ctype members [locale.ctype.members]

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bool is(mask m, charT c) const; const charT* is(const charT* low, const charT* high, mask* vec) const;
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Returns: do_­is(m, c) or do_­is(low, high, vec).
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const charT* scan_is(mask m, const charT* low, const charT* high) const;
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Returns: do_­scan_­is(m, low, high).
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const charT* scan_not(mask m, const charT* low, const charT* high) const;
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Returns: do_­scan_­not(m, low, high).
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charT toupper(charT) const; const charT* toupper(charT* low, const charT* high) const;
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Returns: do_­toupper(c) or do_­toupper(low, high).
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charT tolower(charT c) const; const charT* tolower(charT* low, const charT* high) const;
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Returns: do_­tolower(c) or do_­tolower(low, high).
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charT widen(char c) const; const char* widen(const char* low, const char* high, charT* to) const;
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Returns: do_­widen(c) or do_­widen(low, high, to).
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char narrow(charT c, char dfault) const; const charT* narrow(const charT* low, const charT* high, char dfault, char* to) const;
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Returns: do_­narrow(c, dfault) or do_­narrow(low, high, dfault, to).

28.4.2.2.3 ctype virtual functions [locale.ctype.virtuals]

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bool do_is(mask m, charT c) const; const charT* do_is(const charT* low, const charT* high, mask* vec) const;
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Effects: Classifies a character or sequence of characters.
For each argument character, identifies a value M of type ctype_­base​::​mask.
The second form identifies a value M of type ctype_­base​::​mask for each *p where (low <= p && p < high), and places it into vec[p - low].
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Returns: The first form returns the result of the expression (M & m) != 0; i.e., true if the character has the characteristics specified.
The second form returns high.
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const charT* do_scan_is(mask m, const charT* low, const charT* high) const;
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Effects: Locates a character in a buffer that conforms to a classification m.
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Returns: The smallest pointer p in the range [low, high) such that is(m, *p) would return true; otherwise, returns high.
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const charT* do_scan_not(mask m, const charT* low, const charT* high) const;
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Effects: Locates a character in a buffer that fails to conform to a classification m.
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Returns: The smallest pointer p, if any, in the range [low, high) such that is(m, *p) would return false; otherwise, returns high.
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charT do_toupper(charT c) const; const charT* do_toupper(charT* low, const charT* high) const;
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Effects: Converts a character or characters to upper case.
The second form replaces each character *p in the range [low, high) for which a corresponding upper-case character exists, with that character.
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Returns: The first form returns the corresponding upper-case character if it is known to exist, or its argument if not.
The second form returns high.
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charT do_tolower(charT c) const; const charT* do_tolower(charT* low, const charT* high) const;
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Effects: Converts a character or characters to lower case.
The second form replaces each character *p in the range [low, high) and for which a corresponding lower-case character exists, with that character.
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Returns: The first form returns the corresponding lower-case character if it is known to exist, or its argument if not.
The second form returns high.
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charT do_widen(char c) const; const char* do_widen(const char* low, const char* high, charT* dest) const;
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Effects: Applies the simplest reasonable transformation from a char value or sequence of char values to the corresponding charT value or values.266
The only characters for which unique transformations are required are those in the basic source character set.
For any named ctype category with a ctype <charT> facet ctc and valid ctype_­base​::​mask value M, (ctc.​is(M, c) || !is(M, do_­widen(c)) ) is true.267
The second form transforms each character *p in the range [low, high), placing the result in dest[p - low].
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Returns: The first form returns the transformed value.
The second form returns high.
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char do_narrow(charT c, char dfault) const; const charT* do_narrow(const charT* low, const charT* high, char dfault, char* dest) const;
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Effects: Applies the simplest reasonable transformation from a charT value or sequence of charT values to the corresponding char value or values.
For any character c in the basic source character set the transformation is such that do_widen(do_narrow(c, 0)) == c
For any named ctype category with a ctype<char> facet ctc however, and ctype_­base​::​mask value M, (is(M, c) || !ctc.is(M, do_narrow(c, dfault)) ) is true (unless do_­narrow returns dfault).
In addition, for any digit character c, the expression (do_­narrow(c, dfault) - '0') evaluates to the digit value of the character.
The second form transforms each character *p in the range [low, high), placing the result (or dfault if no simple transformation is readily available) in dest[p - low].
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Returns: The first form returns the transformed value; or dfault if no mapping is readily available.
The second form returns high.
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The char argument of do_­widen is intended to accept values derived from character-literals for conversion to the locale's encoding.
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In other words, the transformed character is not a member of any character classification that c is not also a member of.
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