23 General utilities library [utilities]

The primary type categories correspond to the descriptions given in section [basic.types] of the C++ standard.

For any given type T, the result of applying one of these templates to T and to cv T shall yield the same result.

[ Note: For any given type T, exactly one of the primary type categories has a value member that evaluates to true.  — end note ]

These templates provide convenient compositions of the primary type categories, corresponding to the descriptions given in section [basic.types].

For any given type T, the result of applying one of these templates to T and to cv T shall yield the same result.

These templates provide access to some of the more important properties of types.

It is unspecified whether the library defines any full or partial specializations of any of these templates.

For all of the class templates X declared in this subclause, instantiating that template with a template-argument that is a class template specialization may result in the implicit instantiation of the template argument if and only if the semantics of X require that the argument must be a complete type.

For the purpose of defining the templates in this subclause, a function call expression declval<T>() for any type T is considered to be a trivial ([basic.types], [special]) function call that is not an odr-use of declval in the context of the corresponding definition notwithstanding the restrictions of [declval].

[ Example:

is_const_v<const volatile int>     // true
is_const_v<const int*>             // false
is_const_v<const int&>             // false
is_const_v<int[3]>                 // false
is_const_v<const int[3]>           // true

 — end example ]

[ Example:

remove_const_t<const volatile int>  // volatile int
remove_const_t<const int* const>    // const int*
remove_const_t<const int&>          // const int&
remove_const_t<const int[3]>        // int[3]

 — end example ]

[ Example:

// Given:
struct P final { };
union U1 { };
union U2 final { };

// the following assertions hold:
static_assert(!is_final_v<int>);
static_assert(is_final_v<P>);
static_assert(!is_final_v<U1>);
static_assert(is_final_v<U2>);

 — end example ]

The predicate condition for a template specialization is_­constructible<T, Args...> shall be satisfied if and only if the following variable definition would be well-formed for some invented variable t:

T t(declval<Args>()...);

[ Note: These tokens are never interpreted as a function declaration.  — end note ] Access checking is performed as if in a context unrelated to T and any of the Args. Only the validity of the immediate context of the variable initialization is considered. [ Note: The evaluation of the initialization can result in side effects such as the instantiation of class template specializations and function template specializations, the generation of implicitly-defined functions, and so on. Such side effects are not in the “immediate context” and can result in the program being ill-formed.  — end note ]

The predicate condition for a template specialization has_­unique_­object_­representations<T> shall be satisfied if and only if:

• (9.1)

  T is trivially copyable, and

• (9.2)

  any two objects of type T with the same value have the same object representation, where two objects of array or non-union class type are considered to have the same value if their respective sequences of direct subobjects have the same values, and two objects of union type are considered to have the same value if they have the same active member and the corresponding members have the same value.

The set of scalar types for which this condition holds is implementation-defined. [ Note: If a type has padding bits, the condition does not hold; otherwise, the condition holds true for unsigned integral types.  — end note ]