24 Containers library [containers]

24.5 Unordered associative containers [unord]

24.5.4 Class template unordered_map [unord.map]

24.5.4.1 Overview [unord.map.overview]

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An unordered_map is an unordered associative container that supports unique keys (an unordered_map contains at most one of each key value) and that associates values of another type mapped_type with the keys.
The unordered_map class supports forward iterators.
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An unordered_map meets all of the requirements of a container ([container.reqmts]), of an allocator-aware container ([container.alloc.reqmts]), and of an unordered associative container ([unord.req]).
It provides the operations described in the preceding requirements table for unique keys; that is, an unordered_map supports the a_uniq operations in that table, not the a_eq operations.
For an unordered_map<Key, T> the key_type is Key, the mapped_type is T, and the value_type is pair<const Key, T>.
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Subclause [unord.map] only describes operations on unordered_map that are not described in one of the requirement tables, or for which there is additional semantic information.
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namespace std { template<class Key, class T, class Hash = hash<Key>, class Pred = equal_to<Key>, class Allocator = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>> class unordered_map { public: // types using key_type = Key; using mapped_type = T; using value_type = pair<const Key, T>; using hasher = Hash; using key_equal = Pred; using allocator_type = Allocator; using pointer = typename allocator_traits<Allocator>::pointer; using const_pointer = typename allocator_traits<Allocator>::const_pointer; using reference = value_type&; using const_reference = const value_type&; using size_type = implementation-defined; // see [container.requirements] using difference_type = implementation-defined; // see [container.requirements] using iterator = implementation-defined; // see [container.requirements] using const_iterator = implementation-defined; // see [container.requirements] using local_iterator = implementation-defined; // see [container.requirements] using const_local_iterator = implementation-defined; // see [container.requirements] using node_type = unspecified; using insert_return_type = insert-return-type<iterator, node_type>; // [unord.map.cnstr], construct/copy/destroy unordered_map(); explicit unordered_map(size_type n, const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(), const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()); template<class InputIterator> unordered_map(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, size_type n = see below, const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(), const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()); template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R> unordered_map(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n = see below, const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(), const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()); unordered_map(const unordered_map&); unordered_map(unordered_map&&); explicit unordered_map(const Allocator&); unordered_map(const unordered_map&, const type_identity_t<Allocator>&); unordered_map(unordered_map&&, const type_identity_t<Allocator>&); unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> il, size_type n = see below, const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(), const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()); unordered_map(size_type n, const allocator_type& a) : unordered_map(n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) { } unordered_map(size_type n, const hasher& hf, const allocator_type& a) : unordered_map(n, hf, key_equal(), a) { } template<class InputIterator> unordered_map(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, size_type n, const allocator_type& a) : unordered_map(f, l, n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) { } template<class InputIterator> unordered_map(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, size_type n, const hasher& hf, const allocator_type& a) : unordered_map(f, l, n, hf, key_equal(), a) { } template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R> unordered_map(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n, const allocator_type& a) : unordered_map(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) { } template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R> unordered_map(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n, const hasher& hf, const allocator_type& a) : unordered_map(from_range, std::forward<R>(rg), n, hf, key_equal(), a) { } unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> il, size_type n, const allocator_type& a) : unordered_map(il, n, hasher(), key_equal(), a) { } unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> il, size_type n, const hasher& hf, const allocator_type& a) : unordered_map(il, n, hf, key_equal(), a) { } ~unordered_map(); unordered_map& operator=(const unordered_map&); unordered_map& operator=(unordered_map&&) noexcept(allocator_traits<Allocator>::is_always_equal::value && is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<Hash> && is_nothrow_move_assignable_v<Pred>); unordered_map& operator=(initializer_list<value_type>); allocator_type get_allocator() const noexcept; // iterators iterator begin() noexcept; const_iterator begin() const noexcept; iterator end() noexcept; const_iterator end() const noexcept; const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept; const_iterator cend() const noexcept; // capacity [[nodiscard]] bool empty() const noexcept; size_type size() const noexcept; size_type max_size() const noexcept; // [unord.map.modifiers], modifiers template<class... Args> pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args); template<class... Args> iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args&&... args); pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type& obj); pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type&& obj); template<class P> pair<iterator, bool> insert(P&& obj); iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type& obj); iterator insert(const_iterator hint, value_type&& obj); template<class P> iterator insert(const_iterator hint, P&& obj); template<class InputIterator> void insert(InputIterator first, InputIterator last); template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R> void insert_range(R&& rg); void insert(initializer_list<value_type>); node_type extract(const_iterator position); node_type extract(const key_type& x); template<class K> node_type extract(K&& x); insert_return_type insert(node_type&& nh); iterator insert(const_iterator hint, node_type&& nh); template<class... Args> pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(const key_type& k, Args&&... args); template<class... Args> pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(key_type&& k, Args&&... args); template<class K, class... Args> pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(K&& k, Args&&... args); template<class... Args> iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, const key_type& k, Args&&... args); template<class... Args> iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, key_type&& k, Args&&... args); template<class K, class... Args> iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, K&& k, Args&&... args); template<class M> pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_type& k, M&& obj); template<class M> pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_type&& k, M&& obj); template<class K, class M> pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(K&& k, M&& obj); template<class M> iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, const key_type& k, M&& obj); template<class M> iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, key_type&& k, M&& obj); template<class K, class M> iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, K&& k, M&& obj); iterator erase(iterator position); iterator erase(const_iterator position); size_type erase(const key_type& k); template<class K> size_type erase(K&& x); iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last); void swap(unordered_map&) noexcept(allocator_traits<Allocator>::is_always_equal::value && is_nothrow_swappable_v<Hash> && is_nothrow_swappable_v<Pred>); void clear() noexcept; template<class H2, class P2> void merge(unordered_map<Key, T, H2, P2, Allocator>& source); template<class H2, class P2> void merge(unordered_map<Key, T, H2, P2, Allocator>&& source); template<class H2, class P2> void merge(unordered_multimap<Key, T, H2, P2, Allocator>& source); template<class H2, class P2> void merge(unordered_multimap<Key, T, H2, P2, Allocator>&& source); // observers hasher hash_function() const; key_equal key_eq() const; // map operations iterator find(const key_type& k); const_iterator find(const key_type& k) const; template<class K> iterator find(const K& k); template<class K> const_iterator find(const K& k) const; size_type count(const key_type& k) const; template<class K> size_type count(const K& k) const; bool contains(const key_type& k) const; template<class K> bool contains(const K& k) const; pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k); pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const key_type& k) const; template<class K> pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const K& k); template<class K> pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(const K& k) const; // [unord.map.elem], element access mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& k); mapped_type& operator[](key_type&& k); template<class K> mapped_type& operator[](K&& k); mapped_type& at(const key_type& k); const mapped_type& at(const key_type& k) const; template<class K> mapped_type& at(const K& k); template<class K> const mapped_type& at(const K& k) const; // bucket interface size_type bucket_count() const noexcept; size_type max_bucket_count() const noexcept; size_type bucket_size(size_type n) const; size_type bucket(const key_type& k) const; template<class K> size_type bucket(const K& k) const; local_iterator begin(size_type n); const_local_iterator begin(size_type n) const; local_iterator end(size_type n); const_local_iterator end(size_type n) const; const_local_iterator cbegin(size_type n) const; const_local_iterator cend(size_type n) const; // hash policy float load_factor() const noexcept; float max_load_factor() const noexcept; void max_load_factor(float z); void rehash(size_type n); void reserve(size_type n); }; template<class InputIterator, class Hash = hash<iter-key-type<InputIterator>>, class Pred = equal_to<iter-key-type<InputIterator>>, class Allocator = allocator<iter-to-alloc-type<InputIterator>>> unordered_map(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type = see below, Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator()) -> unordered_map<iter-key-type<InputIterator>, iter-mapped-type<InputIterator>, Hash, Pred, Allocator>; template<ranges::input_range R, class Hash = hash<range-key-type<R>>, class Pred = equal_to<range-key-type<R>>, class Allocator = allocator<range-to-alloc-type<R>>> unordered_map(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type = see below, Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator()) -> unordered_map<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, Hash, Pred, Allocator>; template<class Key, class T, class Hash = hash<Key>, class Pred = equal_to<Key>, class Allocator = allocator<pair<const Key, T>>> unordered_map(initializer_list<pair<Key, T>>, typename see below::size_type = see below, Hash = Hash(), Pred = Pred(), Allocator = Allocator()) -> unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, Pred, Allocator>; template<class InputIterator, class Allocator> unordered_map(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type, Allocator) -> unordered_map<iter-key-type<InputIterator>, iter-mapped-type<InputIterator>, hash<iter-key-type<InputIterator>>, equal_to<iter-key-type<InputIterator>>, Allocator>; template<class InputIterator, class Allocator> unordered_map(InputIterator, InputIterator, Allocator) -> unordered_map<iter-key-type<InputIterator>, iter-mapped-type<InputIterator>, hash<iter-key-type<InputIterator>>, equal_to<iter-key-type<InputIterator>>, Allocator>; template<class InputIterator, class Hash, class Allocator> unordered_map(InputIterator, InputIterator, typename see below::size_type, Hash, Allocator) -> unordered_map<iter-key-type<InputIterator>, iter-mapped-type<InputIterator>, Hash, equal_to<iter-key-type<InputIterator>>, Allocator>; template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator> unordered_map(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type, Allocator) -> unordered_map<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, hash<range-key-type<R>>, equal_to<range-key-type<R>>, Allocator>; template<ranges::input_range R, class Allocator> unordered_map(from_range_t, R&&, Allocator) -> unordered_map<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, hash<range-key-type<R>>, equal_to<range-key-type<R>>, Allocator>; template<ranges::input_range R, class Hash, class Allocator> unordered_map(from_range_t, R&&, typename see below::size_type, Hash, Allocator) -> unordered_map<range-key-type<R>, range-mapped-type<R>, Hash, equal_to<range-key-type<R>>, Allocator>; template<class Key, class T, class Allocator> unordered_map(initializer_list<pair<Key, T>>, typename see below::size_type, Allocator) -> unordered_map<Key, T, hash<Key>, equal_to<Key>, Allocator>; template<class Key, class T, class Allocator> unordered_map(initializer_list<pair<Key, T>>, Allocator) -> unordered_map<Key, T, hash<Key>, equal_to<Key>, Allocator>; template<class Key, class T, class Hash, class Allocator> unordered_map(initializer_list<pair<Key, T>>, typename see below::size_type, Hash, Allocator) -> unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, equal_to<Key>, Allocator>; }
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A size_type parameter type in an unordered_map deduction guide refers to the size_type member type of the type deduced by the deduction guide.

24.5.4.2 Constructors [unord.map.cnstr]

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unordered_map() : unordered_map(size_type(see below)) { } explicit unordered_map(size_type n, const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(), const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
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Effects: Constructs an empty unordered_map using the specified hash function, key equality predicate, and allocator, and using at least n buckets.
For the default constructor, the number of buckets is implementation-defined.
max_load_factor() returns 1.0.
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Complexity: Constant.
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template<class InputIterator> unordered_map(InputIterator f, InputIterator l, size_type n = see below, const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(), const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()); template<container-compatible-range<value_type> R> unordered_map(from_range_t, R&& rg, size_type n = see below, const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(), const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()); unordered_map(initializer_list<value_type> il, size_type n = see below, const hasher& hf = hasher(), const key_equal& eql = key_equal(), const allocator_type& a = allocator_type());
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Effects: Constructs an empty unordered_map using the specified hash function, key equality predicate, and allocator, and using at least n buckets.
If n is not provided, the number of buckets is implementation-defined.
Then inserts elements from the range [f, l), rg, or il, respectively.
max_load_factor() returns 1.0.
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Complexity: Average case linear, worst case quadratic.

24.5.4.3 Element access [unord.map.elem]

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mapped_type& operator[](const key_type& k);
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Effects: Equivalent to: return try_emplace(k).first->second;
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mapped_type& operator[](key_type&& k);
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Effects: Equivalent to: return try_emplace(std​::​move(k)).first->second;
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template<class K> mapped_type& operator[](K&& k);
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Constraints: The qualified-ids Hash​::​is_transparent and Pred​::​is_transparent are valid and denote types.
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Effects: Equivalent to: return try_emplace(std​::​forward<K>(k)).first->second;
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mapped_type& at(const key_type& k); const mapped_type& at(const key_type& k) const;
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Returns: A reference to x.second, where x is the (unique) element whose key is equivalent to k.
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Throws: An exception object of type out_of_range if no such element is present.
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template<class K> mapped_type& at(const K& k); template<class K> const mapped_type& at(const K& k) const;
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Constraints: The qualified-ids Hash​::​is_transparent and Pred​::​is_transparent are valid and denote types.
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Preconditions: The expression find(k) is well-formed and has well-defined behavior.
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Returns: A reference to find(k)->second.
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Throws: An exception object of type out_of_range if find(k) == end() is true.

24.5.4.4 Modifiers [unord.map.modifiers]

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template<class P> pair<iterator, bool> insert(P&& obj);
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Constraints: is_constructible_v<value_type, P&&> is true.
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Effects: Equivalent to: return emplace(std​::​forward<P>(obj));
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template<class P> iterator insert(const_iterator hint, P&& obj);
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Constraints: is_constructible_v<value_type, P&&> is true.
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Effects: Equivalent to: return emplace_hint(hint, std​::​forward<P>(obj));
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template<class... Args> pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(const key_type& k, Args&&... args); template<class... Args> iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, const key_type& k, Args&&... args);
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Preconditions: value_type is Cpp17EmplaceConstructible into unordered_map from piecewise_construct, forward_as_tuple(k), forward_as_tuple(std​::​forward<Args>(args)...).
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Effects: If the map already contains an element whose key is equivalent to k, there is no effect.
Otherwise inserts an object of type value_type constructed with piecewise_construct, forward_as_tuple(k), forward_as_tuple(std​::​forward<Args>(args)...).
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Returns: In the first overload, the bool component of the returned pair is true if and only if the insertion took place.
The returned iterator points to the map element whose key is equivalent to k.
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Complexity: The same as emplace and emplace_hint, respectively.
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template<class... Args> pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(key_type&& k, Args&&... args); template<class... Args> iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, key_type&& k, Args&&... args);
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Preconditions: value_type is Cpp17EmplaceConstructible into unordered_map from piecewise_construct, forward_as_tuple(std​::​move(k)), forward_as_tuple(std​::​forward<Args>(args)...).
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Effects: If the map already contains an element whose key is equivalent to k, there is no effect.
Otherwise inserts an object of type value_type constructed with piecewise_construct, forward_as_tuple(std​::​move(k)), forward_as_tuple(std​::​forward<Args>(args)...).
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Returns: In the first overload, the bool component of the returned pair is true if and only if the insertion took place.
The returned iterator points to the map element whose key is equivalent to k.
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Complexity: The same as emplace and emplace_hint, respectively.
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template<class K, class... Args> pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(K&& k, Args&&... args); template<class K, class... Args> iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, K&& k, Args&&... args);
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Constraints: The qualified-ids Hash​::​is_transparent and Pred​::​is_transparent are valid and denote types.
For the first overload, is_convertible_v<K&&, const_iterator> and is_convertible_v<K&&, iterator> are both false.
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Preconditions: value_type is Cpp17EmplaceConstructible into unordered_map from piecewise_construct, forward_as_tuple(std​::​forward<K>(k)), forward_as_tuple(std​::​forward<Args>
(args)...).
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Effects: If the map already contains an element whose key is equivalent to k, there is no effect.
Otherwise, let h be hash_function()(k).
Constructs an object u of type value_type with piecewise_construct, forward_as_tuple(std​::​forward<K>(k)), forward_as_tuple(std​::​forward<Args>(args)...).

If hash_function()(u.first) != h || contains(u.first) is true, the behavior is undefined.
Inserts u into *this.
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Returns: For the first overload, the bool component of the returned pair is true if and only if the insertion took place.
The returned iterator points to the map element whose key is equivalent to k.
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Complexity: The same as emplace and emplace_hint, respectively.
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template<class M> pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_type& k, M&& obj); template<class M> iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, const key_type& k, M&& obj);
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Mandates: is_assignable_v<mapped_type&, M&&> is true.
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Preconditions: value_type is Cpp17EmplaceConstructible into unordered_map from k, std​::​forward<M>(obj).
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Effects: If the map already contains an element e whose key is equivalent to k, assigns std​::​forward<M>(obj) to e.second.
Otherwise inserts an object of type value_type constructed with k, std​::​forward<M>(obj).
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Returns: In the first overload, the bool component of the returned pair is true if and only if the insertion took place.
The returned iterator points to the map element whose key is equivalent to k.
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Complexity: The same as emplace and emplace_hint, respectively.
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template<class M> pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_type&& k, M&& obj); template<class M> iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, key_type&& k, M&& obj);
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Mandates: is_assignable_v<mapped_type&, M&&> is true.
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Preconditions: value_type is Cpp17EmplaceConstructible into unordered_map from std​::​move(k), std​::​​forward<M>(obj).
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Effects: If the map already contains an element e whose key is equivalent to k, assigns std​::​forward<M>(obj) to e.second.
Otherwise inserts an object of type value_type constructed with std​::​​move(k), std​::​forward<M>(obj).
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Returns: In the first overload, the bool component of the returned pair is true if and only if the insertion took place.
The returned iterator points to the map element whose key is equivalent to k.
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Complexity: The same as emplace and emplace_hint, respectively.
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template<class K, class M> pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(K&& k, M&& obj); template<class K, class M> iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, K&& k, M&& obj);
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Constraints: The qualified-ids Hash​::​is_transparent and Pred​::​is_transparent are valid and denote types.
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Mandates: is_assignable_v<mapped_type&, M&&> is true.
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Preconditions: value_type is Cpp17EmplaceConstructible into unordered_map from std​::​forward<K>
(k), std​::​forward<M>(obj).
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Effects: If the map already contains an element e whose key is equivalent to k, assigns std​::​forward<M>
(obj) to e.second.
Otherwise, let h be hash_function()(k).
Constructs an object u of type value_type with std​::​forward<K>(k), std​::​forward<M>(obj).
If hash_function()(u.first) != h || contains(u.first) is true, the behavior is undefined.
Inserts u into *this.
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Returns: For the first overload, the bool component of the returned pair is true if and only if the insertion took place.
The returned iterator points to the map element whose key is equivalent to k.
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Complexity: The same as emplace and emplace_hint, respectively.

24.5.4.5 Erasure [unord.map.erasure]

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template<class K, class T, class H, class P, class A, class Predicate> typename unordered_map<K, T, H, P, A>::size_type erase_if(unordered_map<K, T, H, P, A>& c, Predicate pred);
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Effects: Equivalent to: auto original_size = c.size(); for (auto i = c.begin(), last = c.end(); i != last; ) { if (pred(*i)) { i = c.erase(i); } else { ++i; } } return original_size - c.size();