13 Templates [temp]

13.3 Names of template specializations [temp.names]

1
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A template specialization can be referred to by a template-id:
2
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The component name of a simple-template-id, template-id, or template-name is the first name in it.
3
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A < is interpreted as the delimiter of a template-argument-list if it follows a name that is not a conversion-function-id and
[Note 1: 
If the name is an identifier, it is then interpreted as a template-name.
The keyword template is used to indicate that a dependent qualified name ([temp.dep.type]) denotes a template where an expression might appear.
— end note]
[Example 1: struct X { template<std::size_t> X* alloc(); template<std::size_t> static X* adjust(); }; template<class T> void f(T* p) { T* p1 = p->alloc<200>(); // error: < means less than T* p2 = p->template alloc<200>(); // OK, < starts template argument list T::adjust<100>(); // error: < means less than T::template adjust<100>(); // OK, < starts template argument list } — end example]
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When parsing a template-argument-list, the first non-nested >115 is taken as the ending delimiter rather than a greater-than operator.
Similarly, the first non-nested >> is treated as two consecutive but distinct > tokens, the first of which is taken as the end of the template-argument-list and completes the template-id.
[Note 2: 
The second > token produced by this replacement rule can terminate an enclosing template-id construct or it can be part of a different construct (e.g., a cast).
— end note]
[Example 2: template<int i> class X { /* ... */ }; X< 1>2 > x1; // syntax error X<(1>2)> x2; // OK template<class T> class Y { /* ... */ }; Y<X<1>> x3; // OK, same as Y<X<1> > x3; Y<X<6>>1>> x4; // syntax error Y<X<(6>>1)>> x5; // OK — end example]
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The keyword template shall not appear immediately after a declarative nested-name-specifier ([expr.prim.id.qual]).
6
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A name prefixed by the keyword template shall be followed by a template argument list or refer to a class template or an alias template.
The latter case is deprecated ([depr.template.template]).
The keyword template shall not appear immediately before a ~ token (as to name a destructor).
[Note 3: 
The keyword template cannot be applied to non-template members of class templates.
— end note]
[Note 4: 
As is the case with the typename prefix, the template prefix is well-formed even when lookup for the name would already find a template.
— end note]
[Example 3: template <class T> struct A { void f(int); template <class U> void f(U); }; template <class T> void f(T t) { A<T> a; a.template f<>(t); // OK, calls template a.template f(t); // error: not a template-id } template <class T> struct B { template <class T2> struct C { }; }; // deprecated: T​::​C is assumed to name a class template: template <class T, template <class X> class TT = T::template C> struct D { }; D<B<int> > db; — end example]
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A template-id is valid if
A simple-template-id shall be valid unless it names a function template specialization ([temp.deduct]).
[Example 4: template<class T, T::type n = 0> class X; struct S { using type = int; }; using T1 = X<S, int, int>; // error: too many arguments using T2 = X<>; // error: no default argument for first template parameter using T3 = X<1>; // error: value 1 does not match type-parameter using T4 = X<int>; // error: substitution failure for second template parameter using T5 = X<S>; // OK — end example]
8
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When the template-name of a simple-template-id names a constrained non-function template or a constrained template template-parameter, and all template-arguments in the simple-template-id are non-dependent ([temp.dep.temp]), the associated constraints ([temp.constr.decl]) of the constrained template shall be satisfied ([temp.constr.constr]).
[Example 5: template<typename T> concept C1 = sizeof(T) != sizeof(int); template<C1 T> struct S1 { }; template<C1 T> using Ptr = T*; S1<int>* p; // error: constraints not satisfied Ptr<int> p; // error: constraints not satisfied template<typename T> struct S2 { Ptr<int> x; }; // ill-formed, no diagnostic required template<typename T> struct S3 { Ptr<T> x; }; // OK, satisfaction is not required S3<int> x; // error: constraints not satisfied template<template<C1 T> class X> struct S4 { X<int> x; // ill-formed, no diagnostic required }; template<typename T> concept C2 = sizeof(T) == 1; template<C2 T> struct S { }; template struct S<char[2]>; // error: constraints not satisfied template<> struct S<char[2]> { }; // error: constraints not satisfied — end example]
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A concept-id is a prvalue of type bool, and does not name a template specialization.
A concept-id evaluates to true if the concept's normalized constraint-expression ([temp.constr.decl]) is satisfied ([temp.constr.constr]) by the specified template arguments and false otherwise.
[Note 5: 
Since a constraint-expression is an unevaluated operand, a concept-id appearing in a constraint-expression is not evaluated except as necessary to determine whether the normalized constraints are satisfied.
— end note]
[Example 6: template<typename T> concept C = true; static_assert(C<int>); // OK — end example]
115)115)
A > that encloses the type-id of a dynamic_cast, static_cast, reinterpret_cast or const_cast, or which encloses the template-arguments of a subsequent template-id, is considered nested for the purpose of this description.